Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust Origin Secondary Organic Aerosols on Novel Object Recognition Ability and Maternal Behavior in BALB/C Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Generation of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA)
2.3. Experimental Schedule
Chamber | Particles | Temperature | Relative Humidity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size (nm) | Particles Number (cm−3) | Concentration (µg/m3) | (°C) | (%) | ||
Clean air | -- | 2.90 ± 0.43 | 15.70 ± 0.63 | 21.99 ± 0.08 | 52.99 ± 0.38 | |
DE-SOA | 32.78 ± 0.87 | 3.16 × 106 ± 6.18 × 104 | 113.99 ± 3.06 | 22.08 ± 0.10 | 50.77 ± 0.68 | |
DE | 31.48 ± 0.71 | 3.28× 106 ± 4.52 × 104 | 97.69 ± 3.60 | 22.02 ± 0.07 | 51.35 ± 0.65 | |
Chamber | Gaseous Compounds | |||||
CO (ppm) | SO2 (ppm) | NOx (ppm) | NO2 (ppm) | NO (ppm) | CO2 (%) | |
Clean air | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
DE-SOA | 2.61 ± 0.08 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.39 ± 0.02 | 1.09 ± 0.03 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.00 |
DE | 2.52 ± 0.08 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 1.33 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.90 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.00 |
2.4. Novel Object Recognition Test
2.5. Maternal Behavior Test
2.6. Quantification of the mRNA Expression Levels
2.7. Measurement of Plasma 8-Hydroxy-2’Deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) Concentration
2.8. Immunohistochemistry
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body and Organ Weights of Male Mice after Novel Object Recognition Test
3.2. Effect of Diesel Exhaust (DE) or Diesel Exhaust Origin Secondary Organic Aerosol (DE-SOA) Exposure on Novel Object Recognition Test
3.3. Effect of Diesel Exhaust (DE) or Diesel Exhaust Origin Secondary Organic Aerosol (DE-SOA) Exposure on the mRNA Expressions of NMDA Receptor Subunits in the Hippocampus
3.4. Effect of Diesel Exhaust (DE) or Diesel Exhaust Origin Secondary Organic Aerosol (DE-SOA) Exposure on Plasma 8OHdG Concentration
3.5. Effect of Diesel Exhaust (DE) or Diesel Exhaust Origin Secondary Organic Aerosol (DE-SOA) Exposure on Maternal Behavior
Maternal Behavior | Control (%) | DE (%) | DE-SOA (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Nesting | 100 | 75 | 50 * |
Licking | 100 | 87.5 | 87.5 |
Crouching | 87.5 | 75 | 12.5 ** |
Retrieving | 12.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 |
Maternal Behavior | Control (%) | DE (%) | DE-SOA (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Nesting | 100 | 62.5 | 87.5 |
Licking | 100 | 75 | 100 |
Crouching | 100 | 87.5 | 87.5 |
Retrieving | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3.6. Body and Organ Weights for Maternal Behavior
Maternal Data | Control (n = 8) | DE (n = 8) | DE-SOA (n = 8) |
---|---|---|---|
% of successful pregnancy | 100% | 100% | 100% |
% of delayed pregnancy (more than 1 week after mating) | 0% | 10% | 20% |
Mother eats pup | 0% | 12.5% | 25% |
Range of number of pup | 5–6 | 5–6 | 4–5 |
Sex Ratio | male > female | male = female | male = female |
3.7. Effect of Diesel Exhaust (DE) or Diesel Exhaust Origin Secondary Organic Aerosol (DE-SOA) Exposure on Maternal Behavior-Related Gene Expressions in the Hypothalamus
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Win-Shwe, T.-T.; Fujitani, Y.; Kyi-Tha-Thu, C.; Furuyama, A.; Michikawa, T.; Tsukahara, S.; Nitta, H.; Hirano, S. Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust Origin Secondary Organic Aerosols on Novel Object Recognition Ability and Maternal Behavior in BALB/C Mice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 11286-11307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111286
Win-Shwe T-T, Fujitani Y, Kyi-Tha-Thu C, Furuyama A, Michikawa T, Tsukahara S, Nitta H, Hirano S. Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust Origin Secondary Organic Aerosols on Novel Object Recognition Ability and Maternal Behavior in BALB/C Mice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(11):11286-11307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111286
Chicago/Turabian StyleWin-Shwe, Tin-Tin, Yuji Fujitani, Chaw Kyi-Tha-Thu, Akiko Furuyama, Takehiro Michikawa, Shinji Tsukahara, Hiroshi Nitta, and Seishiro Hirano. 2014. "Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust Origin Secondary Organic Aerosols on Novel Object Recognition Ability and Maternal Behavior in BALB/C Mice" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 11: 11286-11307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111286