Stress, Health and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Employee and Organizational Commitment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Work and Stress
1.2. Dimensions of Organizational Stress
1.2.1. Perceptions of Your Job
1.2.2. Attitudes towards Your Organization
1.2.3. Your Health
1.3. The Proposed Model: Exploring the Mediating Role of Commitment
- H1: Organizational stressors will have a negative impact on employee perceptions of their organizations commitment to them as well as the employee’s commitment to the organization.
- H2: Organizational stressors will have a negative impact on the physical health and psychological well-being of employees.
- H3: Perceived commitment of the organization and employee commitment to the organization will have a negative impact on the physical health and psychological well-being of employees.
- H4: Perceived commitment of the organization and employee commitment to the organization will mediate the effect of organizational stressors on the physical health and psychological well-being of employees.
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Analytic Procedure
Scales | Factors/Abbreviations | No. of Items | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|
Perception of your job | 1. Work relationships WR | 8 | 0.85 |
2. Aspects of your job YJ | 8 | 0.72 | |
3. Overload OL | 4 | 0.81 | |
4. Control CL | 4 | 0.75 | |
5. Job security JS | 4 | 0.72 | |
6. Resource and communication RC | 4 | 0.76 | |
7. Work-life balance WLB | 4 | 0.61 | |
8. Pay and Benefits PB | 1 | ||
Attitude towards your organization | Perceived commitment of organization to employee PCOE | 5 | 0.86 |
Commitment of employees to organization PCEO | 4 | 0.73 | |
Your health | Physical Health PH | 6 | 0.82 |
Psychological Well-Being PWB | 11 | 0.92 |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
Goodness of Fit Statistics | Model Fit |
---|---|
Minimum Fit Function Chi-Square | 75.885 < 0.001 |
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) | 0.046 |
Normed Fit Index (NFI) | 0.968 |
Tucker-Lewis fit Index (TLI) | 0.975 |
Comparative Fit Index (CFI) | 0.985 |
Standardized RMR (SRMR) | 0.030 |
Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) | 0.970 |
Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) | 0.943 |
3.2. Descriptive Statistics and Correlations
3.3. Mediator Analysis
Variables | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Work Relationships | 18.47 | 6.34 | 1 | ||||||||||
2. Work life balence | 13.98 | 4.18 | 0.432 ** | 1 | |||||||||
3. Overload | 10.67 | 4.27 | 0.639 ** | 0.483 ** | 1 | ||||||||
4. Job security | 12.94 | 4.16 | 0.488 ** | 0.370 ** | 0.504 ** | 1 | |||||||
5. Control | 12.01 | 4.08 | 0.596 ** | 0.451 ** | 0.529 ** | 0.495 ** | 1 | ||||||
6. Resources and communication | 10.54 | 4.19 | 0.685 ** | 0.443 ** | 0.647 ** | 0.497 ** | 0.644 ** | 1 | |||||
7. Aspects of the job | 23.28 | 5.67 | 0.544 ** | 0.502 ** | 0.563 ** | 0.507 ** | 0.498 ** | 0.506 ** | 1 | ||||
8. Pay and benefits | 3.67 | 1.59 | 0.336 ** | 0.334 ** | 0.381 ** | 0.386 ** | 0.337 ** | 0.405 ** | 0.362 ** | 1 | |||
9. Commitment of organization | 9.65 | 2.10 | −0.372 ** | −0.293 ** | −0.344 ** | −0.331 ** | −0.339 ** | −0.390 ** | −0.261 ** | −0.232 ** | 1 | ||
10. Commitment of employees | 9.4 | 1.81 | −0.367 ** | −0.257 ** | −0.350 ** | −0.282 ** | −0.331 ** | −0.337 ** | −0.213 ** | −0.214 ** | 0.724 ** | 1 | |
11. Physical health | 14.99 | 4.44 | −0.336 ** | −0.457 ** | −0.432 ** | −0.277 ** | −0.344 ** | −0.369 ** | −0.375 ** | −0.184 ** | 0.239 ** | 0.225 ** | 1 |
12. Psychological well being | 32.73 | 7.72 | −0.446 ** | −0.388 ** | −0.473 ** | −0.408 ** | −0.379 ** | −0.403 ** | −0.385 ** | −0.193 ** | 0.334 ** | 0.319 ** | 0.673 ** |
Goodness of Fit Statistics | Model Fit |
---|---|
Chi-Square | 8.64 < 0.013 |
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) | 0.081 |
Normed Fit Index (NFI) | 0.986 |
Relative Fit Index (RFI) | 0.931 |
Incremental Fit Index (IFI) | 0.989 |
Tucker-Lewis Index | 0.946 |
Comparative Fit Index (CFI) | 0.989 |
Standardized RMR | 0.043 |
Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) | 0.992 |
Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) | 0.936 |
4. Limitations and Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Appendix. Current Indian BPO Sample (n = 401) Comparisons with ASSET Norms
A1. Perception of Your Job
A1.1. Work Relationships
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms (n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center (n = 401) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9 | 2.44 | 0.66 | 2.18 | 1.44 | 2.05 | 1.23 |
11 | 3.14 | 0.68 | 3.09 | 1.56 | 2.38 | 1.24 |
18 | 2.94 | 0.56 | 2.56 | 1.39 | 2.47 | 1.25 |
19 | 2.69 | 0.33 | 2.56 | 1.36 | 2.42 | 1.30 |
20 | 3.36 | 0.33 | 3.47 | 1.59 | 2.82 | 1.34 |
23 | 2.79 | 1.04 | 1.97 | 1.10 | 2.78 | 1.14 |
24 | 2.37 | 0.38 | 2.59 | 1.37 | 2.43 | 1.21 |
26 | 2.57 | 0.92 | 1.83 | 0.92 | 1.78 | 1.02 |
Total Score | 21.85 | 2.85 | 20.26 | 7.13 |
A1.2. Work-Life Balance
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms
(n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center
(n = 401) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.34 | 0.33 | 3.59 | 1.69 | 3.63 | 1.52 |
2 | 3.13 | 0.65 | 3.31 | 1.87 | 3.59 | 1.64 |
3 | 2.45 | 0.37 | 2.30 | 1.39 | 3.54 | 1.76 |
5 | 3.53 | 0.37 | 3.67 | 1.61 | 3.25 | 1.58 |
Total Score | 12.43 | 1.24 | 12.87 | 4.60 |
A1.3. Overload
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms
(n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center
(n = 401) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 | 2.59 | 0.43 | 2.52 | 1.34 | 2.59 | 1.41 |
21 | 2.58 | 0.40 | 2.82 | 1.39 | 2.84 | 1.64 |
22 | 2.92 | 0.27 | 3.19 | 1.52 | 2.70 | 1.76 |
32 | 3.24 | 0.69 | 4.06 | 1.62 | 2.58 | 1.58 |
Total Score | 11.33 | 1.27 | 12.59 | 4.55 |
A1.4. Job Security
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms
(n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center
(n = 401) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 | 3.00 | 0.62 | 2.44 | 1.48 | 3.13 | 1.53 |
13 | 2.38 | 0.35 | 2.14 | 1.58 | 3.24 | 1.54 |
33 | 3.58 | 0.56 | 4.09 | 1.44 | 3.51 | 1.43 |
34 | 2.70 | 0.34 | 2.37 | 1.28 | 3.02 | 1.37 |
Total Score | 11.66 | 0.81 | 11.04 | 3.87 |
A1.5. Control
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms (n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center (n = 401) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 3.68 | 0.39 | 3.67 | 1.53 | 3.39 | 1.53 |
29 | 3.17 | 0.46 | 3.59 | 1.54 | 3.19 | 1.49 |
35 | 2.90 | 0.44 | 2.99 | 1.41 | 2.82 | 1.36 |
36 | 3.27 | 0.48 | 3.04 | 1.46 | 2.65 | 1.34 |
Total Score | 13.02 | 0.98 | 13.3 | 4.73 |
A1.6. Resources and Communication
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms (n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center (n = 401) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
27 | 3.53 | 0.42 | 3.57 | 1.56 | 2.84 | 1.54 |
28 | 3.32 | 0.56 | 3.72 | 1.61 | 2.77 | 1.42 |
30 | 2.94 | 0.42 | 2.78 | 1.43 | 2.60 | 1.39 |
31 | 3.02 | 0.54 | 3.05 | 1.52 | 2.35 | 1.26 |
Total Score | 12.82 | 0.94 | 13.12 | 4.40 |
A1.7. Aspects of the Job
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms (n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center (n = 401) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | 3.75 | 0.45 | 3.99 | 1.67 | 2.83 | 1.70 |
7 | 2.93 | 0.53 | 3.05 | 1.69 | 2.04 | 1.32 |
8 | 3.04 | 0.94 | 2.83 | 1.71 | 1.76 | 1.13 |
10 | 3.14 | 0.68 | 3.28 | 1.44 | 4.58 | 1.40 |
16 | 3.06 | 0.59 | 3.23 | 1.58 | 3.10 | 1.47 |
17 | 2.60 | 0.44 | 2.25 | 1.24 | 3.22 | 1.52 |
25 | 3.64 | 0.45 | 3.80 | 1.59 | 3.32 | 1.52 |
37 | 3.29 | 1.02 | 2.34 | 1.35 | 2.50 | 1.40 |
Total Score | 25.46 | 2.77 | 24.76 | 6.64 |
A1.8. Pay and Benefits
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms (n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center (n = 401) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14 | 3.44 | 0.33 | 3.31 | 1.75 | 3.67 | 1.61 |
A2. Attitude towards Your Organization
A2.1. Employee Perceptions of Their Organizations Commitment to Them
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms (n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center (n = 404) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.94 | 0.53 | 3.49 | 1.53 | 4.29 | 1.29 |
4 | 3.99 | 0.40 | 4.18 | 1.48 | 4.41 | 1.39 |
5 | 4.18 | 0.22 | 3.89 | 1.38 | 4.71 | 1.24 |
6 | 3.98 | 0.47 | 3.62 | 1.45 | 4.35 | 1.28 |
7 | 4.03 | 0.29 | 3.93 | 1.41 | 4.46 | 1.25 |
Total Score | 20.11 | 1.24 | 19.12 | 5.34 |
A2.2. Employee Commitment to Their Organization
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms (n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center (n = 401) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 4.36 | 0.34 | 4.42 | 1.34 | 4.40 | 1.20 |
3 | 4.34 | 0.41 | 4.35 | 1.34 | 4.84 | 1.05 |
8 | 3.41 | 0.94 | 4.23 | 1.34 | 4.46 | 1.29 |
9 | 3.47 | 1.11 | 4.08 | 1.37 | 4.83 | 1.15 |
Total Score | 15.58 | 2.53 | 17.08 | 3.92 |
A3. Your Health
A3.1. Physical Health
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms (n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center (n = 401) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.42 | 0.26 | 2.15 | 1.02 | 2.66 | 1.00 |
2 | 2.33 | 0.31 | 2.06 | 1.04 | 2.58 | 1.06 |
3 | 2.21 | 0.44 | 2.50 | 1.04 | 2.62 | 1.09 |
4 | 2.59 | 0.21 | 2.43 | 0.99 | 2.55 | 1.03 |
6 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 2.55 | 1.04 | 2.43 | 1.07 |
7 | 1.83 | 0.27 | 1.62 | 0.82 | 2.22 | 1.02 |
Total Score | 13.82 | 0.77 | 13.32 | 4.08 |
A3.2. Psychological Well-Being
Item Number | General Population Norms (n = 25,352) | Managerial and Professional Norms (n = 5,947) | Indian Call Center (n = 401) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 1.68 | 0.16 | 1.63 | 0.87 | 1.89 | 1.04 |
8 | 2.15 | 0.14 | 2.21 | 0.91 | 2.06 | 0.98 |
9 | 2.16 | 0.26 | 2.09 | 0.87 | 1.92 | 0.90 |
10 | 2.37 | 0.48 | 2.12 | 0.89 | 1.84 | 0.99 |
11 | 2.25 | 0.16 | 2.35 | 0.89 | 2.00 | 1.02 |
12 | 2.43 | 0.46 | 2.83 | 0.98 | 2.37 | 1.02 |
13 | 2.09 | 0.17 | 2.14 | 0.90 | 1.95 | 0.91 |
14 | 1.86 | 0.16 | 1.91 | 0.90 | 1.94 | 1.06 |
15 | 2.00 | 0.19 | 2.03 | 0.89 | 2.32 | 1.00 |
16 | 1.86 | 0.14 | 1.83 | 0.80 | 1.87 | 0.93 |
17 | 2.00 | 0.33 | 2.27 | 0.87 | 2.06 | 0.95 |
Total Score | 23.15 | 1.38 | 23.07 | 2.30 |
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Jain, A.K.; Giga, S.I.; Cooper, C.L. Stress, Health and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Employee and Organizational Commitment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 4907-4924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104907
Jain AK, Giga SI, Cooper CL. Stress, Health and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Employee and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(10):4907-4924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104907
Chicago/Turabian StyleJain, Ajay K., Sabir I. Giga, and Cary L. Cooper. 2013. "Stress, Health and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Employee and Organizational Commitment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 10: 4907-4924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104907