The Complex Epidemiological Scenario of West Nile Virus in Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Surveillance System
3.2. Surveillance of WNV Infection in Humans
3.2.1. Human Outbreaks of West Nile Disease
3.2.2. Seroprevalence Studies
3.3. Surveillance of WNV Infection in Horses, Birds, and Sentinel Animals
3.3.1. Syndromic Surveillance in Horses
3.3.2. Surveillance in Wild Birds
3.3.3. Surveillance in Sentinel Horses and Chickens
3.4. Entomological Surveillance
3.5. Molecular Epidemiology
3.6. Influence of Ecological Conditions
3.7. Comparison with WNV Epidemiology in Europe
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Barzon, L.; Pacenti, M.; Franchin, E.; Squarzon, L.; Lavezzo, E.; Cattai, M.; Cusinato, R.; Palù, G. The Complex Epidemiological Scenario of West Nile Virus in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 4669-4689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104669
Barzon L, Pacenti M, Franchin E, Squarzon L, Lavezzo E, Cattai M, Cusinato R, Palù G. The Complex Epidemiological Scenario of West Nile Virus in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(10):4669-4689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104669
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarzon, Luisa, Monia Pacenti, Elisa Franchin, Laura Squarzon, Enrico Lavezzo, Margherita Cattai, Riccardo Cusinato, and Giorgio Palù. 2013. "The Complex Epidemiological Scenario of West Nile Virus in Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 10: 4669-4689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104669