Anxiolytic-Like Effect of a Salmon Phospholipopeptidic Complex Composed of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bioactive Peptides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phospholipopeptidic Complex
2.1.1. Characterization of Lipids
Minerals | Fatty acids | Amino acids | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(μg/g) | (%) | |||||||||
Component | PLPC | Component | PLPC | Fatty acids | Percentage | Amino acids | PLPC | Salmon marine collagen peptide * | ||
Arsenic | <1.1 | Rubidium | 0.547 ± 0.05 | C14:0 | 3.54 ± 0.01 | Asparagine | 606.49 | 11.44 | 80.12 | - |
Barium | <2 | Antimony | <0.1 | C15:0 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | Glutamic acid | 713.83 | 13.47 | 105.02 | 12.22 |
Beryllium | <0.45 | Samarium | <0.01 | C15:1 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | Serine | 290.26 | 5.48 | 30.50 | 4.23 |
Bismuth | <0.09 | Tin | <0.3 | C16:0 | 17.04 ± 0.04 | Glycine | 822.50 | 15.52 | 61.74 | 23.77 |
Cadmium | <0.1 | Strontium | 34.21 ± 3.42 | C16:1 n-7 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | Histidine | nq | nq | nq | 1.61 |
Cerium | <0.12 | Tantalum | <0.01 | C16:1 n-9 | 4.10 ± 0.05 | Arginine | 369.15 | 6.96 | 64.30 | 6.08 |
Cobalt | <0.2 | Terbium | <0.005 | C16:3 n-3 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | Threonine | 324.20 | 6.12 | 38.61 | 2.53 |
Chromium | <3 | Thorium | <0.03 | C16:4 n-3 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | Alanine | 578.68 | 10.92 | 51.55 | 6.59 |
Caesium | <0.05 | Thulium | <0.001 | C18:0 | 3.96 ± 0.01 | Proline | 367.39 | 6.93 | 42.29 | 9.79 |
Copper | 11.7 ± 1.17 | Uranium | <0.04 | C18:1 n-9 | 16.49 ± 0.02 | Tyrosine | 92.43 | 1.74 | 16.74 | 0.03 |
Dysprosium | <0.009 | Vanadium | <0.75 | C18:1 n-7 | 2.66 ± 0.06 | Valine | 175.77 | 3.32 | 20.59 | 2.94 |
Erbium | <0.005 | Tungsten | <0.1 | C18:2 n-6 | 4.39 ± 0.01 | Methionine | 106.07 | 2.00 | 15.82 | 0.03 |
Europium | <0.004 | Yttrium | <0.15 | C18:3 n-4 | 2.77 ± 0.01 | Isoleucine | 162.29 | 3.06 | 21.28 | 2.57 |
Gallium | <0.16 | Ytterbium | <0.004 | C18:3 n-3 | 1.45 ± 0.01 | Leucine | 280.66 | 5.29 | 36.81 | 4.64 |
Gadolinium | <0.01 | Zinc | 266.3 ± 26.63 | C20:1 n-9 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | Phenylalanine | 144.35 | 2.72 | 23.84 | 2.51 |
Germanium | <0.1 | Zirconium | <1 | C20:1 n-7 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | Lysine | 266.45 | 5.03 | 38.95 | 5.66 |
Hafnium | <0.026 | Silicon | <0.02 | C20:2 n-6 | 2.11 ± 0.10 | Hydroxyproline | - | - | - | 7.51 |
Holmium | <0.002 | Aluminium | <0.02 | C20:4 n-6 | 1.50 ± 0.01 | Aspartic acid | - | - | - | 7.29 |
Indium | <0.07 | Iron | 0.0021 ± 0.0003 | C20:3 n-3 | 0.96 ± 0.01 | |||||
Lanthanum | <0.06 | Manganese | 0.00007 ± 0.000007 | C20:5 n-3 EPA | 10.53 ± 0.02 | |||||
Lutetium | <0.002 | Magnesium | 0.0092 ± 0.0009 | C21:5 n-3 | 1.06 ± 0.01 | |||||
Molybdenum | <0.3 | Calcium | 0.047 ± 0.007 | C22:4 n-6 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | |||||
Niobium | <0.06 | Sodium | 0.077 ± 0.011 | C22:5 n-6 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | |||||
Neodymium | <0.04 | Potassium | 0.025 ± 0.0042 | C22:5 n-3 | 3.10 ± 0.01 | |||||
Nickel | <4 | Thallium | <0.03 | C22:6 n-3 DHA | 20.34 ± 0.01 | |||||
Lead | <0.6 | Phosphorus | 0.132 ± 0.013 | |||||||
Praseodymium | <0.01 | - | - |
2.1.2. Characterization of Proteins
Protein groups | Parent protein | Score (%) | m/z |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Collagen 1a1 (Oncorhynchusmykiss) | 99.21 | 137,117 |
2 | Fast myotomal muscle actin (Salmosalar) | 99.17 | 41,932 |
3 | Collagen alpha-2(I) chain precursor (Oncorhynchusmykiss) | 99.14 | 126,985 |
4 | Type I collagen alpha 2 chain (Oncorhynchusketa) | 99.13 | 126,443 |
5 | Myosin heavy chain (Oncorhynchusketa) | 99.05 | 222,153 |
6 | Creatine kinase-2 (Salmosalar) | 98.87 | 39,470 |
7 | Collagen a3(I) (Oncorhynchusmykiss) | 98.84 | 137,758 |
8 | Collagen 1a (Salmosalar) | 98.69 | 35,016 |
9 | PREDICTED: Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1-like isoform 2 (Ailuropodamelanoleuca) | 98.47 | 109,208 |
10 | Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (Oncorhynchusmykiss) | 97.89 | 7,035,481 |
11 | Myosin regulatory light chain 2 (Salmosalar) | 97.79 | 18,996 |
12 | Glycogen phosphorylase muscle form (Salmosalar) | 97.67 | 97,485 |
13 | Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (Salmosalar) | 84.25 | 17,092 |
14 | Troponin C skeletal muscle (Salmosalar) | 81.75 | 18,239 |
15 | Enolase 3-1 (Salmosalar) | 81.6 | 47,246 |
16 | Hemoglobin subunit beta (Salmosalar) | 70.85 | 16,124 |
17 | Parvalbumin beta-1 (Salmosalar) | 66.48 | 11,901 |
18 | Unnamed protein product (Oikopleuradioica) | 65.23 | 140,061 |
19 | Histone cluster 2 H2ab (Daniorerio) | 59.52 | 13,631 |
20 | Hemoglobin subunit beta-1 (Salmosalar) | 61.73 | 16,016 |
21 | Unnamed protein product (Tetraodonnigroviridis) | 61.63 | 351,956 |
22 | Adenylate kinase (Salmosalar) | 61.61 | 21,288 |
23 | Myosin light polypeptide 3-1 (Salmosalar) | 58.05 | 21,001 |
24 | Alpha-globin (Salmosalar) | 55.94 | 15,142 |
25 | Collagen type I alpha 3 chain (Dicentrarchuslabrax) | 51.66 | 137,004 |
26 | l-Lactate dehydrogenase A chain (Salmosalar) | 50.9 | 36,327 |
2.1.3. Minerals and Element Trace Composition
2.1.4. Treatment Characterization
2.2. In Vivo Test
2.2.1. Body Weight
2.2.2. Behavioral Test
2.2.2.1. Elevated plus Maze (EPM)
2.2.2.2. Hole-Board Test
2.2.2.3. Light-Dark Box Test
2.2.2.4. Open Field Test
2.3. ROS Evaluation in Neural Cells
Mean fluorescent intensity (arbitrary units) | ANOVA | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dose | Control (n = 8) | PLPC (n = 8) | Peptidic fraction (n = 8) | Lipidic fraction (n = 8) | F(3,28) | p |
SD | 4.64 ± 0.68 | 3.72 ± 0.51 | 3.67 ± 0.30 | 4.76 ± 0.61 | 1.13 | Not significant |
DD | 4.09 ± 0.41 | 3.43 ± 0.13 (t) | 3.14 ± 0.11 ** | 3.48 ± 0.14 (t) | 2.97 | 0.048 |
3. Discussion
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Materials
4.2. Phospholipopeptidic Complex Characterization
4.2.1. Minerals and Element Trace Composition
4.2.2. Lipid Classes
4.2.3. Fatty Acid Composition
4.2.4. Determination of Amino Acid Composition
4.2.5. Proteomics
4.2.6. Treatments and Doses
Treatment | Single dose (SD) | Double dose (DD) |
---|---|---|
Phospholipopeptidic complex | 123 mg/kg/10 mL | 246 mg/kg/10 mL |
Lipidic fraction of the PLPC (30%) | 36.9 mg/kg/10 mL | 73.8 mg/kg/10 mL |
Peptidic fraction of the PLPC (70%) | 86.1 mg/kg/10 mL | 172.2 mg/kg/10 mL |
4.2.6.1. Static Light Scattering
4.2.6.2. Transmission Electronmicroscopy (TEM)
4.2.6.3. Particle Size, Electrophoretic Mobility and Polydispersity Index of Nanoparticles
4.3. In Vivo Study
4.3.1. Animals
4.3.2. Study Design
4.3.3. Behavioral Tests
4.3.3.1. Elevated Plus Maze (EPM)
4.3.3.2. Hole Board Test (HBT)
4.3.3.3. Light-Dark Box Test (LDBT)
4.3.3.4. Open Field Test (OF)
4.3.4. ROS Evaluation in Neural Cells
4.3.5. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Belhaj, N.; Desor, F.; Gleizes, C.; Denis, F.M.; Arab-Tehrany, E.; Soulimani, R.; Linder, M. Anxiolytic-Like Effect of a Salmon Phospholipopeptidic Complex Composed of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bioactive Peptides. Mar. Drugs 2013, 11, 4294-4317. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11114294
Belhaj N, Desor F, Gleizes C, Denis FM, Arab-Tehrany E, Soulimani R, Linder M. Anxiolytic-Like Effect of a Salmon Phospholipopeptidic Complex Composed of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bioactive Peptides. Marine Drugs. 2013; 11(11):4294-4317. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11114294
Chicago/Turabian StyleBelhaj, Nabila, Frédéric Desor, Céline Gleizes, Frédéric M. Denis, Elmira Arab-Tehrany, Rachid Soulimani, and Michel Linder. 2013. "Anxiolytic-Like Effect of a Salmon Phospholipopeptidic Complex Composed of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Bioactive Peptides" Marine Drugs 11, no. 11: 4294-4317. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11114294