• Submit to Pharmaceuticals Login Register
• MDPI
• Journals A-Z
• For Authors
• For Editors
• For Librarians
• About
• Open Access Policy

• Abstract
• Full-Text PDF [235 KB]
• Full-Text XML
• Article Versions Notes

• Article Statistics
• PubMed/Medline
• Google Scholar
• Order Reprints

• Cite this article
• Export to BibTeX
• Export to EndNote

• [+] on DOAJ
• Lu, X
• Wang, L
• Ruden, D
• [+] on Google Scholar
• Lu, X
• Wang, L
• Ruden, D
• [+] on PubMed
• Lu, X
• Wang, L
• Ruden, D

•  CiteULike
•  Facebook
•  Mendeley
•  Twitter
• More services

Open AccessThis article is

• freely available
• re-usable

Pharmaceuticals 2012, 5(9), 890-898; doi:10.3390/ph5090890

Review

Hsp90 Inhibitors and the Reduction of Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance by Non-Genetic and Genetic Mechanisms

Xiangyi Lu ¹, Luan Wang ^1,2 and Douglas M. Ruden ^1,2,*

¹ Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA ² C. S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 6 July 2012; in revised form: 20 August 2012 / Accepted: 24 August 2012 / Published: 30 August 2012

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hsp90 Inhibitors)

Download PDF Full-Text [235 KB, uploaded 30 August 2012 15:34 CEST]

Abstract: In this review, we focus on how inhibitors of Hsp90 can help prevent the resistance to anti-cancer drugs by synergistically increasing their cancer killing abilities and thereby allowing them to function at much lower concentrations than normally used. Hsp90 helps to fold numerous client proteins, such as Akt, Raf, Src, chromatin-modifying proteins, nuclear hormone receptors, and kinetochore assembly proteins. We discuss four mechanisms by which Hsp90 inhibitors can potentially synergize with anti-cancer drugs: by making a drug-resistant protein that is a client for Hsp90 more sensitive to the drug, by increasing chromosomal aneuploidy and the effectiveness of DNA-damaging drugs, by inhibiting Trithorax proteins which trimethylate histone 3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and thereby decreasing expression of tumor promoter genes, and by interacting with the negative elongation factor (NELF) complex in tumors. We also explain how the evolutionary capacitor function of Hsp90 can be exploited with inhibitors of Hsp90 by exposing new protein variants that can be targeted with other drugs, thereby opening new avenues of combination drug therapy to treat cancer. We believe that inhibition of these processes can increase the efficacy of Hsp90 inhibitors with other anti-cancer drugs.

Keywords: Hsp90; genetic capacitor; nuclear hormone receptors; cancer; aneuploidy; epigenetics; DNA methylation; chaperones; transcriptional pausing

Article Statistics

Cite This Article