Sensors 2006, 6(11), 1466-1482; doi:10.3390/s6111466
Article

Flow Injection Analysis Coupled with Carbon Electrodes as the Tool for Analysis of Naphthoquinones with Respect to Their Content and Functions in Biological Samples

Petr Babula 1 , Dalibor Huska 2 , Pavel Hanustiak 2 , Jiri Baloun 2 , Sona Krizkova 2 , Vojtech Adam 2 , Jaromir Hubalek 3 , Ladislav Havel 4 , Milan Zemlicka 1 , Ales Horna 5 , Miroslava Beklova 6  and Rene Kizek 2,* email
1 Department of Natural Drugs, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czec Republic 3 Department of Microelectronics, Technical University of Brno, Udolni 53, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic 4 Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czec Republic 5 Department of Food Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University, CZ-762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic 6 Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 16 October 2006 / Accepted: 27 October 2006 / Published: 6 November 2006
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Flow Analysis)
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Abstract: Naphthoquinones are one of the groups of secondary metabolites widespread innature, where they mostly appear as chromatic pigments. They embody broad-range ofbiological actions from phytotoxic to fungicidal. An anticancer effect of naphthoquinonesstimulates an interest in determination and characterization of single derivatives of 1,2- and1,4-quinones in biological samples. The main aim of this work was to suggest a techniquesuitable to determine lawsone, juglone and/or plumbagin in biological samples and to studyof their influence on BY-2 tobacco cells. The BY-2 tobacco cells were cultivated in thepresence of the naphthoquinones of interest (500 μg.l-1) for 24 h and then the morphologicalchanges were observed. We found out that naphthoquinones triggered the programmed celldeath at BY-2 cells, which can be confirmed by the apoptotic bodies in nucleus. After thatwe suggested and optimized different electrochemical techniques such differential pulsevoltammetry (DPV) coupled with hanging mercury drop (HMDE) and carbon pasteelectrode, micro flow device coupled with carbon screen printed electrodes and flowinjection analysis coupled with Coulochem III detector to determine them. The detectionlimits of naphthoquinones of interest were expressed as 3S/N and varied from units tohundreds of ng per millilitres according to methods used. Moreover, we utilized DPVcoupled with HMDE and micro flow device to determine content of juglone in leavesPersian walnut (Juglans regia). We determined that the leaves contained juglone tenths of gper 100 g of fresh weight. The results obtained show the convincing possibilities of using ofthese methods in analysis of plant secondary metabolites.
Keywords: Naphthoquinones; Plumbagin; Lawsone; Juglone; BY-2 tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabaccum); Persian walnut (Juglans regia); Sensors; Flow analysis; Differential pulse voltammetry; Electrochemical detection; Carbon electrodes.

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Cite This Article

MDPI and ACS Style

Babula, P.; Huska, D.; Hanustiak, P.; Baloun, J.; Krizkova, S.; Adam, V.; Hubalek, J.; Havel, L.; Zemlicka, M.; Horna, A.; Beklova, M.; Kizek, R. Flow Injection Analysis Coupled with Carbon Electrodes as the Tool for Analysis of Naphthoquinones with Respect to Their Content and Functions in Biological Samples. Sensors 2006, 6, 1466-1482.

AMA Style

Babula P, Huska D, Hanustiak P, Baloun J, Krizkova S, Adam V, Hubalek J, Havel L, Zemlicka M, Horna A, Beklova M, Kizek R. Flow Injection Analysis Coupled with Carbon Electrodes as the Tool for Analysis of Naphthoquinones with Respect to Their Content and Functions in Biological Samples. Sensors. 2006; 6(11):1466-1482.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Babula, Petr; Huska, Dalibor; Hanustiak, Pavel; Baloun, Jiri; Krizkova, Sona; Adam, Vojtech; Hubalek, Jaromir; Havel, Ladislav; Zemlicka, Milan; Horna, Ales; Beklova, Miroslava; Kizek, Rene. 2006. "Flow Injection Analysis Coupled with Carbon Electrodes as the Tool for Analysis of Naphthoquinones with Respect to Their Content and Functions in Biological Samples." Sensors 6, no. 11: 1466-1482.

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