Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Brazilian Green Propolis Encapsulated in a γ-Cyclodextrin Complex in Mice Fed a Western-Type Diet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Body Weight, Food Intake, Blood Glucose and Body Composition
2.2. Inflammatory Gene Expression
2.3. Antioxidant Defence
2.4. Inflammatory Protein Expression
2.5. Ferritin, Hepcidin, and Metallothionein
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Animals and Diets
4.2. Preparation of GPSE/γ-Cyclodextrin Complex and Artepillin C for Analysis by HPLC
4.3. L C-APCI-IT-MS/MS Analysis of the Green Propolis Supercritical Extract (GPSE)
4.4. Morphological Characterization of the GPSE-γCD Complex by Scanning Electron Microscopy
4.5. Blood Glucose and Body Composition
4.6. Hepatic Gene Expression Using Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase PCR
4.7. MicroRNA Determination
4.8. Determination of Hepatic Protein Expression Levels by Western Blotting
4.9. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CAPE | Caffeic ester phenethyl ester |
γCD | γ-Cyclodextrin |
GPSE | Brazilian green propolis supercritical extract |
Sap | Serum amyloid P |
SD | Standard deviation |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
Tlr | Toll-like receptor |
TGF-β1 | Transforming growth factor β1 |
TNF-α | Tumour necrosis factor α |
WTD | Western-type diet |
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Ingredients | Western-Type Diet (WTD) |
---|---|
Macronutrients | |
Crude protein | 17.5% |
Crude fat | 21.2% |
Crude fibre | 5.0% |
Crude ash | 4.5% |
Nitrogen-free extracts | 48.8% |
Starch | 14.6% |
Sugar | 33.2% |
Cholesterol | 2.1 mg/kg |
Supplements | |
γ-Cyclodextrin (WTD+γCD) | 2.2 g/kg |
Green propolis supercritical extract-γCD (WTD+GPSE-γCD) 1 | 2.3 g/kg |
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Rimbach, G.; Fischer, A.; Schloesser, A.; Jerz, G.; Ikuta, N.; Ishida, Y.; Matsuzawa, R.; Matsugo, S.; Huebbe, P.; Terao, K. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Brazilian Green Propolis Encapsulated in a γ-Cyclodextrin Complex in Mice Fed a Western-Type Diet. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061141
Rimbach G, Fischer A, Schloesser A, Jerz G, Ikuta N, Ishida Y, Matsuzawa R, Matsugo S, Huebbe P, Terao K. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Brazilian Green Propolis Encapsulated in a γ-Cyclodextrin Complex in Mice Fed a Western-Type Diet. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(6):1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061141
Chicago/Turabian StyleRimbach, Gerald, Alexandra Fischer, Anke Schloesser, Gerold Jerz, Naoko Ikuta, Yoshiyuki Ishida, Ryota Matsuzawa, Seiichi Matsugo, Patricia Huebbe, and Keiji Terao. 2017. "Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Brazilian Green Propolis Encapsulated in a γ-Cyclodextrin Complex in Mice Fed a Western-Type Diet" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 6: 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061141