Serum Metabolomic Profiling Identifies Characterization of Non-Obstructive Azoospermic Men
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Demographics of Study Participants
2.2. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Metabolic Profiles
2.3. Identification of Potential Biomarkers in NOA
2.4. Metabolic Pathway and Linkages Analysis of Metabolites in NOA
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Participant Recruitment
4.2. Serum Collection and Preparation
4.3. HPLC-MS/MS Analysis
4.4. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ART | Assisted Reproductive Technology |
FDR | False Discovery Rate |
GPC | Glycerylphosphorylcholine |
GPE | Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine |
HCA | Hierarchical Clustering Analysis |
HPLC-MS/MS | High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry |
LH | Luteinizing Hormone |
MA | Maturation Arrest |
NOA | Non-obstructiveAzoospermia |
OA | Obstructive Azoospermia |
OPLS-DA | Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis |
PCA | Principal Component Analysis |
PLS-DA | Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis |
ROS | Reactive Oxygen Species |
VIP | Variable Importance in the Project |
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Clinical Features | NC | NOA |
---|---|---|
Total number | 31 | 22 |
Age (Years, Mean ± SD) | 28.1 ± 4.5 | 30.6 ± 4.3 |
Testosterone < 14 nmol/L | NA | 2 |
FSH > 11.1 mIU/mL | NA | 9 |
Biopsy findings | NA | |
Maturation arrest | 12 | |
Sertoli-cell only | 10 | |
Cytology findings | NA | |
Spermatids or sperm | 5 |
Compound Name | Formula | KEGG ID | Mass ∆ (Da) | VIP | Fold Change | Retention Time (min) | Mass Error (ppm) | Mass Library Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oleic acid | C18H34O2 | C00712 | 282.2559 | 6.33 | 0.68 | 0.9891 | 0 | 30 |
Lactate/Methoxyacetic acid | C3H6O3 | C01432/NA | 90.0317 | 5.87 | 1.43 | 7.2385 | 6 | 83 |
Citrate/isocitric acid | C6H8O7 | C00158/C00311 | 192.0270 | 3.17 | 0.62 | 12.9001 | 0 | 100 |
Palmitic acid | C16H32O2 | C00249 | 256.2402 | 3.16 | 0.79 | 0.9891 | 0 | NA |
O-Acetyl-l-serine/N-methyl-d-aspartic acid/N-Acetylserine/l(d)-glutamic acid | C5H9NO4 | C00979/C12269/NA/C00025 | 147.0532 | 2.10 | 2.32 | 11.1536 | 1 | 70 |
Trans(cis)-aconitate/Dehydroascorbicacid | C6H6O6 | C02341/C05422 | 174.0164 | 1.97 | 1.47 | 11.7449 | 0 | 83 |
Pyruvic acid | C3H4O3 | C00022 | 88.0160 | 1.81 | 2.00 | 4.9982 | 6 | 67 |
Tagatose/Gulose/Fructose/d-(+)-Glucose | C6H12O6 | C00795/C00267 | 180.0634 | 1.81 | 1.13 | 8.4792 | 0 | 97 |
Threonic acid | C4H8O5 | NA | 136.0372 | 1.36 | 2.05 | 9.2863 | 0 | 66 |
Gaidic acid | C16H30O2 | NA | 254.2246 | 1.35 | 0.61 | 1.21 | 0 | 44 |
Taurine | C2H7NO3S | C00245 | 125.0147 | 1.33 | 0.65 | 8.3418 | 2 | NA |
Pelargonic acid/Oenanthic ether | C9H18O2 | C01601/NA | 158.1307 | 1.26 | 1.34 | 1.4672 | 0 | 31 |
Cholesterol sulfate | C27H46O4S | C18043 | 466.3117 | 1.24 | 0.57 | 0.8231 | 0 | 60 |
Hypoxanthine | C5H4N4O | C00262 | 136.0385 | 1.09 | 0.34 | 4.8046 | 0 | 69 |
Arabitol/Ribitol/Xylitol | C5H12O5 | C00532 | 152.0685 | 1.07 | 0.63 | 2.8157 | 0 | 22 |
α-hydroxyisobutyric acid | C4H8O3 | C01188 | 104.0473 | 1.04 | 0.47 | 7.1775 | 4 | 78 |
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Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, C.; Zhao, M.; Yang, Y.; Wu, H.; Zhang, H.; Lin, H.; Zheng, L.; Jiang, H. Serum Metabolomic Profiling Identifies Characterization of Non-Obstructive Azoospermic Men. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020238
Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhao M, Yang Y, Wu H, Zhang H, Lin H, Zheng L, Jiang H. Serum Metabolomic Profiling Identifies Characterization of Non-Obstructive Azoospermic Men. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(2):238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020238
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zhe, Yingwei Zhang, Changjie Liu, Mingming Zhao, Yuzhuo Yang, Han Wu, Hongliang Zhang, Haocheng Lin, Lemin Zheng, and Hui Jiang. 2017. "Serum Metabolomic Profiling Identifies Characterization of Non-Obstructive Azoospermic Men" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 2: 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020238