Ameliorating Effects of Exogenously Applied Proline on Seed Composition, Seed Oil Quality and Oil Antioxidant Activity of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Drought Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Characterization of Maize kernels and Kernel Oil
Proximate Analysis
3.2. Oil Extraction
3.3. Chemical Parameters of Oil
3.4. Fatty Acid Composition of Seed Oil
3.5. Tocopherol Content
3.6. Total Phenolic Contents
3.7. Total Flavonoids
3.8. Total Carotenoid Content
3.9. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
3.10. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Conflict of InterestThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
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Cultivar | Drought treatment | Treatments | Seed oil content | Protein content | Starch content | Sugar content | Ash content | Fiber content | Moisture content |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% of dry weight | |||||||||
EV-1098 | Control | NS | 3.87 ± 0.13 b | 7.92 ± 0.49 a,b | 56.67 ± 8.30 c | 1.60 ± 0.16 c | 1.87 ± 0.24 c | 9.08 ± 0.30 e | 9.07 ± 0.67 b |
WS | 3.87 ± 0.18 b | 7.87 ± 0.35 a,b,c | 56.67 ± 5.88 c | 1.80 ± 0.02 b | 1.85 ± 0.12 c | 9.52 ± 0.71 d,e | 8.95 ± 1.02 b | ||
Pro | 4.12 ± 0.15 a | 8.01 ± 0.73 a | 61.33 ± 7.88 a,b,c | 2.21 ± 0.16 a | 1.97 ± 0.22 c | 10.10 ± 0.80 b,c | 10.18 ± 0.49 a | ||
Drought | NS | 2.95 ± 0.15 d | 6.26 ± 0.67 e | 60.33 ± 2.43 b,c | 1.13 ± 0.02 d | 2.23 ± 0.18 b | 10.45 ± 0.82 b,c | 5.71 ± 0.18 d | |
WS | 2.87 ± 0.13 d | 6.85 ± 0.75 d,e | 59.67 ± 4.44 b,c | 1.14 ± 0.01 d | 2.29 ± 0.31 b | 10.55 ± 0.53 b,c | 5.70 ± 0.68 d | ||
Pro | 3.63 ± 0.15 c | 7.23 ± 0.68 b,c,d | 65.67 ± 6.30 a,b | 1.18 ± 0.02 d | 2.55 ± 0.24 a | 12.12 ± 0.77 a | 7.18 ± 0.43 c | ||
Agaiti- 2002 | Control | NS | 3.72 ± 0.15 b,c | 7.59 ± 0.62 a,b,c | 60.33 ± 6.12 b,c | 1.63 ± 0.08 c | 1.77 ± 0.16 c | 8.62 ± 0.81 f | 8.57 ± 0.29 b |
WS | 3.65 ± 0.13 c | 7.51 ± 0.90 a,b,c | 61.33 ± 9.58 a,b | 1.80 ± 0.02 b | 1.80 ± 0.10 c | 8.65 ± 0.45 f | 9.10 ± 0.92 b | ||
Pro | 4.16 ± 0.14 a | 8.01 ± 0.66 a | 68.00 ± 7.22 a | 2.18 ± 0.16 a | 1.95 ± 0.15 c | 9.89 ± 0.30 c,d | 10.24 ± 0.51 a | ||
Drought | NS | 2.36 ± 0.08 e | 6.59 ± 0.48 d,e | 63.67 ± 3.41 a,b | 1.14 ± 0.01 d | 2.27 ± 0.23 b | 10.65 ± 0.57 b | 5.35 ± 0.31 d | |
WS | 2.42 ± 0.09 e | 6.76 ± 0.81 d,e | 61.67 ± 9.59 a,b | 1.14 ± 0.01 d | 2.23 ± 0.18 b | 10.54 ± 0.46 b,c | 5.46 ± 0.13 d | ||
Pro | 2.82 ± 0.12 d | 7.18 ± 0.54 c,d | 68.33 ± 3.81 a | 1.16 ± 0.01 d | 2.45 ± 0.28 a,b | 12.27 ± 0.86 a | 6.95 ± 0.31 c | ||
LSD at 5% | 0.15 | 0.73 | 7.40 | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.72 | 0.63 |
Cultivar | Drought treatment | Treatments | Saponification value (mg of KOH g−1 of oil) | Un-saponifiable matter (%) | Iodine value (g of I 100g−1 of oil) | FFA (mg of KOH/g of oil) | Peroxide value (meq kg−1) | p-anisidine value | Dienes [ɛ1 cm(λ232 nm)] | Trienes [ɛ1 cm(λ268 nm)] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EV-1098 | Control | NS | 196.12 ± 10.78 a | 2.11 ± 0.23 d,e | 115.16 ± 5.53 a,b | 1.41 ± 0.08 c | 6.30 ± 0.56 f | 1.87 ± 0.057 f | 1.83 ± 0.005 b | 1.54 ± 0.009 e |
WS | 193.93 ± 07.42 a,c | 2.25 ± 0.09 b,c,d | 114.37 ± 4.96 b | 1.42 ± 0.08 c | 6.41 ± 0.47 d | 1.89 ± 0.066 f | 1.79 ± 0.005 d | 1.64 ± 0.005 d | ||
Pro | 201.67 ± 10.31 a | 1.97 ± 0.04 e | 121.56 ± 8.05 a | 1.29 ± 0.05 d | 5.58 ± 0.47 h | 2.12 ± 0.106 d,e | 1.63 ± 0.006 h | 1.63 ± 0.007 d | ||
Drought | NS | 178.55 ± 09.14 b | 2.35 ± 0.19 a,b | 115.34 ± 3.90 a,b | 1.70 ± 0.11 a,b | 7.60 ± 0.37 a | 2.14 ± 0.072 c,d,e | 1.71 ± 0.008 e | 1.81 ± 0.006 b | |
WS | 179.74 ± 10.28 b | 2.28 ± 0.16 b,c | 112.95 ± 7.37 c | 1.76 ± 0.08 a | 7.56 ± 0.44 a | 2.14 ± 0.057 c,d | 1.69 ± 0.007 f | 1.68 ± 0.006 c | ||
Pro | 188.08 ± 12.93 b,c | 2.14 ± 0.09 c | 121.86 ± 7.19 a | 1.48 ± 0.10 c | 6.34 ± 0.42 e,f | 2.24 ± 0.097 b,c | 1.60 ± 0.008 i | 1.55 ± 0.008 e | ||
Agaiti- 2002 | Control | NS | 191.07 ± 11.27 a | 2.11 ± 0.18 d,e | 113.49 ± 3.40 c | 1.35 ± 0.07 d | 6.15 ± 0.37 g | 2.09 ± 0.091 d,e | 1.88 ± 0.011 a | 1.68 ± 0.005 c |
WS | 189.26 ± 11.50 b,c | 2.16 ± 0.15 c | 113.75 ± 4.28 c | 1.40 ± 0.06 c | 6.37 ± 0.43 d,e | 2.04 ± 0.189 e | 1.81 ± 0.009 c | 1.64 ± 0.005 d | ||
Pro | 198.67 ± 07.27 a | 1.95 ± 0.11 e | 115.68 ± 5.28 a,b | 1.28 ± 0.04 d | 5.50 ± 0.56 i | 2.10 ± 0.068 d,e | 1.66 ± 0.011 g | 1.55 ± 0.004 e | ||
Drought | NS | 175.38 ± 11.03 b | 2.47 ± 0.14 a | 116.60 ± 5.41 a,b | 1.64 ± 0.08 b | 6.59 ± 0.39 c | 2.33 ± 0.091 a,b | 1.71 ± 0.009 e | 1.87 ± 0.006 a | |
WS | 179.86 ± 03.80 b | 2.30 ± 0.11 b | 113.83 ± 6.29 c | 1.64 ± 0.08 b | 6.79 ± 0.29 b | 2.32 ± 0.040 a,b | 1.64 ± 0.009 h | 1.82 ± 0.010 b | ||
Pro | 186.14 ± 10.24 b,c | 2.15 ± 0.15 c | 116.64 ± 7.55 a | 1.46 ± 0.08 c | 6.33 ± 0.57 e,f | 2.42 ± 0.070 a | 1.55 ± 0.008 j | 1.55 ± 0.005 e | ||
LSD at 5% | 11.07 | 0.16 | 6.62 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.01 |
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Ali, Q.; Anwar, F.; Ashraf, M.; Saari, N.; Perveen, R. Ameliorating Effects of Exogenously Applied Proline on Seed Composition, Seed Oil Quality and Oil Antioxidant Activity of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Drought Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 818-835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14010818
Ali Q, Anwar F, Ashraf M, Saari N, Perveen R. Ameliorating Effects of Exogenously Applied Proline on Seed Composition, Seed Oil Quality and Oil Antioxidant Activity of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Drought Stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(1):818-835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14010818
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Qasim, Farooq Anwar, Muhammad Ashraf, Nazamid Saari, and Rashida Perveen. 2013. "Ameliorating Effects of Exogenously Applied Proline on Seed Composition, Seed Oil Quality and Oil Antioxidant Activity of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Drought Stress" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 1: 818-835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14010818