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• Mishchuk, D
• Stephens, N
• Slupsky, C
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• Stephens, N
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• Mishchuk, D
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12(4), 2325-2335; doi:10.3390/ijms12042325

Article

Dextran Sulfate Sodium Inhibits Alanine Synthesis in Caco-2 Cells

Zhong Ye ¹ , Darya O. Mishchuk ² , Natasha S. Stephens ²  and Carolyn M. Slupsky ^1,2,*

¹ Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA ² Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 5 February 2011; in revised form: 12 March 2011 / Accepted: 28 March 2011 / Published: 4 April 2011

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Toxicology)

Download PDF Full-Text [378 KB, uploaded 9 February 2012 10:04 CET]

Abstract: To understand and characterize the pathogenic mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) has been used to induce acute and chronic colitis in animal models by causing intestinal epithelium damage. The mechanism of action of DSS in producing this outcome is not well understood. In an effort to understand how DSS might impact epithelial cell metabolism, we studied the intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 incubated with 1% DSS over 56 hours using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. We observed no difference in cell viability as compared to control cultures, and an approximately 1.5-fold increase in IL-6 production upon incubation with 1% DSS. The effect on Caco-2 cell metabolism as measured through changes in the concentration of metabolites in the cell supernatant included a three-fold decrease in the concentration of alanine. Given that the concentrations of other amino acids in the cell culture supernatant were not different between treated and control cultures over 56 hours suggest that DSS inhibits alanine synthesis, specifically alanine aminotransferase, without affecting other key metabolic pathways. The importance of alanine aminotransferase in inflammatory bowel disease is discussed.

Keywords: metabolomics; metabonomics; IBD; DSS; NMR; Caco-2; alanine transaminase; Crohn’s disease; ALAT; ALT

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  This paper was retracted on 9 February 2012: http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/13/2/1804 (PDF, 25 KB)

  It has been brought to our attention by the corresponding author that the results presented this article [1] are in error due to the fact that the media supplement glutaMAX was used in place of L-glutamine for culture of the control cells, while L-glutamine was used for culture of the treated cells. All authors have confirmed that the reported result could not be reproduced using the correct culture conditions. We would like to thank the authors for pointing out this error thereby upholding the ethics of scientific publication. The Editorial Team and Publisher have agreed with the authors that this manuscript should be retracted. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused.

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