Synthesis of Phenolics and Flavonoids in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Their Effects on Photosynthesis Rate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Flavonoids and Phenolics Content (HPLC Analysis)
2.2. Photosynthesis Rate, Stomata Conductance and Transpiration
2.3. Chlorophyll Content
2.4. Total Soluble Carbohydrate (TSC)
2.5. Plant Biomass
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant Material and Maintenance
3.2. Extract Preparation for TP and TF Measurement
3.3. Determination of Total Phenolics Contents
3.4. Determination of Flavonoids Contents
3.5. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Apparatus
3.5.1. Extract Preparation
3.5.2. HPLC Analysis of Flavonoids
3.5.3. Extract Preparation of Phenolics
3.5.4. HPLC Analysis of Phenolics
3.6. Photosynthesis Rate, Stomata Conductance, Transpiration
3.7. Chlorophyll Measurement
3.8. Determination of Total Soluble Carbohydrate (TSC)
3.9. Plant Biomass
3.10. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Parameters | Halia Bentong | Halia Bara | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
790 (μmol m−2s−1) | 310 (μmol m−2s−1) | 790 (μmol m−2s−1) | 310 (μmol m−2s−1) | |||||
Leaves | Rhizomes | Leaves | Rhizomes | Leaves | Rhizomes | Leaves | Rhizomes | |
Quercetin | 0.871 ± 0.031cd | 0.803 ± 0.028d | 0.985 ± 0.015b | 0.902 ± 0.042bc | 0.978 ± 0.024b | 0.865 ± 0.027cd | 1.123 ± 0.11a | 0.986 ± 0.032b |
Rutin | 0.354 ± 0.0015c | 0.311 ± 0.002e | 0.365 ± 0.003b | 0.451 ± 0.0045a | 0.205 ± 0.003b | 0.324 ± 0.002d | 0.173 ± 0.0075b | 0.331 ± 0.0092d |
Epicatechin | 0.092 ± 0.068a | 0.078 ± 0.0125a | 0.118 ± 0.014a | 0.083 ± 0.007a | 0.111 ± 0.017a | 0.091 ± 0.009a | 0.117 ± 0.004a | 0.103 ± 0.003a |
Catechin | 0.328 ± 0.0405e | 0.362 ± 0.021e | 0.413 ± 0.028d | 0.491 ± 0.019bc | 0.455 ± 0.037cd | 0.459 ± 0.026cd | 0.671 ± 0.079a | 0.533 ± 0.034b |
Kaempferol | 0.044 ± 0.012cd | 0.045 ± 0.005cd | 0.042 ± 0.003d | 0.051 ± 0.004bcd | 0.048 ± 0.004cd | 0.061 ± 0.0045ab | 0.053 ± 0.003bc | 0.068 ± 0.006a |
Naringenin | 0.049 ± 0.0035c | 0.046 ± 0.001c | 0.094 ± 0.006a | 0.047 ± 0.003c | 0.039 ± 0.0045d | 0.02 ± 0.002f | 0.061 ± 0.0045b | 0.028 ± 0.0035e |
Salicylic acid | 0.491 ± 0.018d | 0.522 ± 0.041c | n.d | n.d | 0.673 ± 0.027a | 0.622 ± 0.055b | n.d | n.d |
Cinnamic acid | 0.124 ± 0.0087b | 0.455 ± 0.027a | n.d | n.d | 0.0640 ± 0.014c | 0.059 ± 0.01c | n.d | n.d |
Flavonoids | 5.41 ± 0.44c | 3.31 ± 0.21d | 6.11 ± 0.326b | 4.1 ± 0.163d | 6.87 ± 1.21b | 3.83 ± 0.213d | 8.22 ± 0.514a | 4.73 ± 0.08c |
Phenolics | 35.4 ± 1.205a | 12.3 ± 0.41c | 29.11 ± 2.44b | 8.9 ± 0.31d | 41.1 ± 1.53a | 10.66 ± 0.44c | 33.21 ± 1.620b | 11.17 ± 0.33d |
Components | Halia Bentong | Halia Bara | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Rhizomes | Leaves | Rhizomes | |
Quercetin | +13 | +12 | +15 | +14 |
Rutin | +3 | +45 | −16 | +2 |
Epicatechin | +28 | +6 | +5 | +13 |
Catechin | +26 | +36 | +47 | +16 |
Kaempferol | −5 | +13 | +10 | +11 |
Naringenin | +92 | +2 | +56 | +40 |
Mean | +26.1 | +19 | +19.5 | +16 |
Parameters | Halia Bentong | Halia Bara | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Light intensities (μmol m−2s−1) | Light intensities (μmol m−2s−1) | |||||||
310 | 460 | 630 | 790 | 310 | 460 | 630 | 790 | |
Chlorophyll a | 249.8 ± 2.6b | 227.9 ± 17.8c | 175.5 ± 20.85d | 174.2 ± 14.4d | 273.5 ± 3.32a | 245.4 ± 3.4bc | 182.5 ± 4.1d | 184.03 ± 7.05d |
Chlorophyll b | 96.7 ± 29.7a | 95.4 ± 25.8a | 80.2 ± 8.29ab | 59.06 ± 9.01b | 103.3 ± 10.3a | 89.1 ± 12.9ab | 88.2 ± 19.3ab | 94.8 ± 19.2a |
Chlorophyll a + b | 346.6 ±3 0.5ab | 323.4 ± 12.01b | 255.8 ± 12.6cd | 233.35 ± 23.3d | 376.8 ± 7.08a | 334.5 ±9.5b | 270.7 ± 16.7c | 278.8 ± 26.1c |
Chlorophyll a:b | 2.7 ± 1.03a | 2.5 ± 0.86a | 2.2 ± 0.46a | 2.9 ± 0.19a | 2.6 ± 0.31a | 2.8 ± 0.48a | 2.1 ± 0.56a | 1.9 ± 0.34a |
Soluble carbohydrate | 12.27 ± 0.48g | 12.85 ± 0.37fg | 13.75 ± 0.77de | 17.4 ± 0.71b | 13.47 ± 0.59ef | 14.53 ± 0.57d | 15.82 ± 0.49c | 18.49 ± 0.6a |
Photosynthesis | 5.12 ± 0.992c | 6.98 ± 0.272b | 7.9 ± 0.738b | 11.77 ± 0.41a | 5.55 ± 0.533c | 7.45 ± 0.667b | 7.91 ± 0.757b | 12.25 ± 1.06a |
Stomata conductance | 0.108 ± 0.031b | 0.074 ± 0.102b | 0.215 ± 0.04b | 0.555 ± 0.151a | 0.113 ± 0.014b | 0.181 ± 0.005b | 0.214 ± 0.021b | 0.686 ± 0.21a |
Transpiration | 1.19 ± 0.325b | 1.906 ± 0.545ab | 2 ± 0.406ab | 2.52 ± 0.522ab | 1.978 ± 0.852ab | 2.025 ± 0.738ab | 1.73 ± 0.079ab | 2.61 ± 0.36a |
Plant biomass | 47.68 ± 0.36cd | 53.22 ± 0.61c | 63.72 ± 2.49b | 79.47 ± 8.92a | 40.25 ± 6.12d | 42.45 ± 1.81d | 53.77 ± 3.82c | 70.06 ± 8.41b |
No. | Characteristic | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Plant biomass | 1 | ||||||||||
2 | Transpiration | 0.5n.s | 1 | |||||||||
3 | Photosynthesis | 0.87** | 0.66* | 1 | ||||||||
4 | Stomata conductance | 0.68* | 0.69* | 0.95** | 1 | |||||||
5 | Chlorophyll a | −0.86** | −0.52n.s | 0.64* | −0.9** | 1 | ||||||
6 | Chlorophyll b | 0.12n.s | 0.22n.s | 0.18n.s | 0.13n.s | 0.21n.s | 1 | |||||
7 | Chlorophyll a + b | −0.83** | −0.37ns | −0.7* | −0.67* | 0.89** | 0.43n.s | 1 | ||||
8 | Chlorophyll a:b | −0.68* | −0.51n.s | −0.86** | −0.79** | 0.81** | −0.52n.s | 0.48n.s | 1 | |||
9 | Flavonoids | −0.65* | 0.11n.s | −0.63* | −0.64* | 0.61* | 0.13n.s | 0.61* | 0.36n.s | 1 | ||
10 | Phenolics | 0.78** | 0.6* | 0.85** | 0.84** | −0.68* | 0.14n.s | −0.54n.s | −0.69* | 0.03n.s | 1 | |
11 | Soluble carbohydrate | 0.81** | 0.65* | 0.92** | 0.86** | −0.92** | 0.07n.s | −0.8** | −0.82** | −0.41n.s | 0.82** | 1 |
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Ghasemzadeh, A.; Jaafar, H.Z.E.; Rahmat, A. Synthesis of Phenolics and Flavonoids in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Their Effects on Photosynthesis Rate. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 4539-4555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11114539
Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE, Rahmat A. Synthesis of Phenolics and Flavonoids in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Their Effects on Photosynthesis Rate. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2010; 11(11):4539-4555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11114539
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhasemzadeh, Ali, Hawa Z. E. Jaafar, and Asmah Rahmat. 2010. "Synthesis of Phenolics and Flavonoids in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Their Effects on Photosynthesis Rate" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 11, no. 11: 4539-4555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11114539