This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Lewis (y) antigen is a difucosylated oligosaccharide present on the plasma membrane, and its overexpression is frequently found in human cancers and has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis. Our previous studies have shown that Lewis (y) antigen plays a positive role in the process of invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. However, the mechanisms by which Lewis (y) antigen enhances the invasion and tumor metastasis are still unknown. In this study, we established a stable cell line constitutively expressing Lewis (y) antigen (RMG-1-hFUT) by transfecting the cDNA encoding part of the human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (α1,2-FUT) gene into the ovarian cancer cell line RMG-1, and investigated whether Lewis (y) antigen regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2. We found that RMG-1-hFUT cells exhibited higher invasive capacities than their control cells. In addition, expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was down-regulated and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was up-regulated. Anti-Lewis (y) antigen antibody treatment significantly reversed the expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Taken together, we provide the first evidence that down-regulation of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 and up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 represents one of the mechanisms by which Lewis (y) antigen promotes cell invasion.
Lewis (y) antigenmatrix metalloproteinasestissue inhibitors of metalloproteinasesinvasionIntroduction
Lewis (y) antigen is a difucosylated oligosaccharide containing two fucoses, and is carried by glycoconjugates (glycoproteins and glycolipids) on the plasma membrane. Its chemical structure is Fucα1 → 2Galβ1 → 4 [Fucα1 → 3]GlcNAcβ1 → R, which belongs to the A, B, H, Lewis blood group antigen family with specific fucosylation of the terminal end of carbohydrate structure catalyzed by the α1,2-fucosyltransferase (α1,2-FUT) [1,2]. Lewis (y) antigen is expressed predominately during embryogenesis. Under normal physiological conditions, its expression in adults is restricted to the surface of granulocytes and epithelium [3]. However, overexpression of Lewis (y) antigen is frequently found in human cancers and has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis [4,5]. Our previous studies using a stably α1,2-FUT stable transfected ovarian cancer cell line RMG-1-hFUT have shown that Lewis (y) antigen plays a positive role in the process of invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells [6]. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which Lewis (y) antigen enhances the invasion and tumor metastasis are still unknown.
Metastasis is a complex biological process consisting of a long series of sequential and interrelated steps, including the organized breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [7,8]. MMPs belong to a rapidly growing family of structurally related endopeptidases capable of processing or degrading all ECM components. In particular, each ECM element is cleaved by a specific MMP or MMP group [9]. Among the human MMPs reported to date, MMP-2 and MMP-9 play vital roles in the degradation of the ECM because of their substrate specificity toward type IV collagen, the major component of basement membrane. High level expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 has been frequently correlated with increased tumor invasion and poor prognosis in various types of human cancer [10,11]. The activity of MMPs is inhibited by specific tissue inhibitors of MMPs known as TIMPs. So far, four different TIMPs (TIMP-1, -2, -3 and -4) have been identified in humans [9]. Of these TIMPs, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 are the best characterized TIMPs inhibitors of all MMPs [12]. In particular, TIMP-1 is more specific for MMP-9, and TIMP-2 regulates the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a concentration dependent fashion [13,14]. It is widely accepted that the degradation of ECM and, consequently, increased invasion capacity and metastatic potential of tumor cells results from the imbalance between the activities of these proteases and their inhibitors [15].
In this study, we established a stable cell line constitutively expressing Lewis (y) antigen (RMG-1-hFUT) by transfecting the cDNA encoding part of the human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (α1,2-FUT) gene into the ovarian cancer cell line RMG-1, and investigated whether Lewis (y) antigen regulates the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2.
ResultsOverexpression of Lewis (y) Antigen Enhances Migration of RMG-1 Ovarian Cancer Cells
In our pervious study, RMG-1-hFUT cells established by transfection with the hFUT gene were shown to express Lewis (y) antigen at a significantly higher level than the original RMG-1 cells [16]. Thus, we next determined the impact of Lewis (y) antigen overexpression on the invasive ability of RMG-1 cells. In vitro transwell assay indicated that RMG-1-hFUT cells exhibited higher invasive ability than control cells (Figure 1). These data suggested that Lewis (y) antigen enhanced the metastatic potential of RMG-1 ovarian cancer cells.
Down-Regulation of TIMPs and up-Regulation of MMPs by Lewis (y) Antigen
To explore the possible mechanisms of Lewis (y) antigen enhanced migration, we further tested the mRNA and protein levels of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in RMG-1-hFUT and RMG-1 cells by using quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. As shown in Figure 2a, the mRNA level of these two TIMPs was significantly reduced, whereas the mRNA level of the two MMPs was markedly increased. Meanwhile, changes observed by Western blotting were in accordance with the findings in the quantitative real-time RT-PCR study (Figure 2b).
Furthermore, measurement of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 concentrations in the culture supernatants by ELISA and statistical analysis of the data showed a diminution of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 secretion in RMG-1-hFUT when compared with RMG-1 cells (Figure 3, P < 0.01).
To further demonstrate the association between Lewis (y) antigen and the expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9, anti-Lewis (y) antigen monoclonal antibody was used to block the Lewis (y) antigen present on the surface of RMG-1-hFUT cells. As shown in Figure 4, after RMG-1-hFUT cells were treated with anti-Lewis (y) antigen monoclonal antibody, the expression levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were increased, but the expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were decreased.
All these findings suggested that overexpression of Lewis (y) antigen inhibited the expression TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, but increased the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
Discussion
As described in our previous papers, we successfully transfected the α1,2-FUT gene into human ovarian carcinoma-derived RMG-1 cells, which contain a significantly high amount of Lewis (x), the precursor of Lewis (y), and established RMG-1-hFUT cells with higher expression level of Le (y) compared with RMG-1 cells. Our further experiments demonstrated that RMG-1-hFUT cells not only exhibited increased proliferation and invasion capacity, but also showed high tolerance to common chemotherapy drugs for ovarian cancer, such as carboplatin, 5-fluorouracil and taxol [16–19]. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Lewis (y) causes these malignant properties of human ovarian cancer cells have not been completely understood. The present study is the first to address the mechanism by which Lewis (y) promotes tumor invasion and metastasis. We found that changes in expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are involved in the enhancement of cell invasion by Lewis (y).
Despite overexpression and invasion promoting ability of Lewis (y), and MMP-2 and MMP-9 being separately reported in various types of human cancer, a direct association between Lewis (y) and these two TIMPs has never been described. In this study, we showed that overexpression of Lewis (y) increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression to promote migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, we also found that the expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was inhibited by overexpression of Lewis (y). These results suggest that MMPs/TIMPs play a crucial role in Lewis (y) antigen-mediated cell invasion. Our previous microarray study indicated that a number of genes associated with metastasis are differentially expressed in RMG-1-hFUT cells, compared with those in RMG-1 cells [6]. In addition to MMPs and TIMPs, Lewis (y) antigen may also promote cell invasion via other mechanisms. Moreover, we also noted a significant increase of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in RMG-1 cell treated with anti-Lewis monoclonal antibody, which is probably because of the endogenous expression of Lewis (y) in RMG-1 cells [18].
More recently, Javier et al. have demonstrated that MMP-9, more specifically the hemopexin domain, has anti-apoptotic effects on cancer cells [20]. Thus, the elevation of MMP-9 not only contributes to the enhancement of cell invasion, but also maintains the malignant properties of RMG-1-hFUT cells. In addition, there is growing evidence that the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway and PI3K/Akt signal transduction pathway are key regulators of TIMP/MMP balance [21,22]. We have previously showed that Lewis(y) antigen stimulates the growth of ovarian cancer cells via regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway [18,19]. It therefore seems reasonable to propose that activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may represent one underlying mechanism for the Lewis (y) antigen-mediated cell invasion by regulating the expression of TIMPs and MMPs. However, the mechanisms by which Lewis (y) regulates the TIMPs and MMPs need further to be elucidated.
Experimental SectionCell Culture
The human ovarian cancer cell line, RMG-1, was kindly provided by Professor Iwamori Masao (Tokyo University, Japan). RMG-1-hFUT cell line, highly expressing Lewis (y) antigen, was established by transfecting the pcDNA3.1 (-)-HFUT-H expression vector (containing a1,2-FUT gene) into RMG-1 cells as previously described [16,17]. Cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells were routinely passaged, and cells at logarithmic growth phase were used for further experiments.
RNA Isolation and Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR
Total RNA from treated cells was isolated using Trizol reagent (Life Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD). RNA (2 μg) was converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) using the RT-PCR kit (TAKARA Bio., Dalian, China), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Then the cDNA was subjected to Real-Time PCR analysis using the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (TAKARA Bio., Dalian, China) on the ABI Prism 7500 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The PCR primer sequences were designed according to the human MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 gene sequences reported in GenBank and chemically synthesized (Table 1). The specificity of the PCR was confirmed by examining the dissociation reaction plot subsequent to Real-Time RT-PCR. Human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) served as the constitutive control. PCR reactions of each sample were done in triplicate. Data were analyzed through the comparative threshold cycle (CT) method.
Western Blot Analysis
Total proteins from cells were separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and then electro-transferred to PVDF membranes. MMP and TIMP proteins were visualized by immunodetection using monoclonal MMP-1, MMP-2 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA, dilution 1:2,000), TIMP-1, or TIMP-2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA, dilution 1:2,000) antibodies. After subsequent incubation with horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibodies, the labeled proteins were detected using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) kit (Amersham-Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany).
Cell Migration Assay
Migration assays were conducted in 24-well plate applying Transwell cell culture chambers (8 mm pore size; Costar, Cambridge, MA, USA). Matrigel-coated Transwell inserts were prepared by adding 100 μL of Matrigel (250 μg/mL) to the Transwell and allowing the Matrigel to dry at 37 °C for 12 h. Harvested cells at a density of 1 × 105 were seeded in the upper well with 100 μL medium supplemented with 10% FBS. The same medium was placed in the lower chamber. At the end of the 24-hour incubation at 37 °C, 5% CO2, cells on the top of the membrane were removed by swiping with a damp cotton swab, and cells that had migrated to the lower surface were fixed in methanol for 15 minutes at room temperature and stained with H&E. Cell migration was quantified by counting the migrated cells on the lower surface of the membrane in ten individual fields using a 400× objective.
Anti-Lewis (y) Antigen Antibody Blocking Test
Cultured RMG-1 or RMG-1-hFUT cells in exponential growth phase were harvested to prepare single cell suspension, and mouse anti-human Lewis (y) monoclonal antibodies (Abcam, UK) was then added at a final concentration of 10 μg/mL. After incubation at 37 °C for 30 min, cells were harvested. Proteins were isolated and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 proteins.
ELISA
TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels in the culture supernatants were assayed using commercially available human TIMP ELISA test kits (NeoBioscience, Shenzhen, China) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The results were finally expressed as the mean ng/mL ± standard errors.
Statistical Analysis
All experiments were performed in triplicate and all data are expressed as mean ± standard errors. Raw data were analyzed by the unpaired Student’s t test using SPSS 11.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A P-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Conclusions
In summary, we showed that overexpression of Lewis (y) promotes the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells, and down-regulation of TIMPs and up-regulation of MMPs may be involved in these processes. Although the specific mechanisms still need to be further studied, our results raise the possibility that inhibition of Lewis (y) antigen may suppress tumor invasion and metastasis.
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 3017980, 30571958, 30872757, 81072118); the Scientific and Technical Project of the Educational Department of Liaoning Province (No. 05L492); the Natural Sciences Foundation of Liaoning Province (No. 20052017); the Education Department Doctor Project Fund (No. 20070159023); the Key Laboratory Project of Liaoning Province Education Office (No. 2008S247); the Free Researchers’ Plan of Shengjing Hospital (No. 200807); Programs of Science and Technology Commission of Shenyang (No. F10-14-9-9-52).
ReferencesKitamuraKStockertEGarin-ChesaPWeltSLloydKOArmourKLWallaceTPHarrisWJCarrFJOldLJSpecificity analysis of blood group Lewis-y (Le(y)) antibodies generatedagainst synthetic and natural Le(y) determinantsProc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA199491129571296110.1073/pnas.91.26.129577809154HokkeCHNeelemanAPKoelemanCAvan den EijndenDHIdentification of an alpha3-fucosyltransferase and a novel alpha2-fucosyltransferase activity in cercariae of the schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata: Biosynthesis of the Fucalpha1-->2Fucalpha1-->3[Gal(NAc)beta1-->4]GlcNAc sequenceGlycobiology1998839340610.1093/glycob/8.4.3939499387DettkeMPalfiGLoibnerHActivation-dependent expression of the blood group-related lewis Y antigen on peripheral blood granulocytesJ. Leukoc. Biol20006851151411037972HellstromIGarriguesHJGarriguesUHellstromKEHighly tumor-reactive, internalizing, mouse monoclonal antibodies to Le(y)-related cell surface antigensCancer Res199050218321901690595MadjdZParsonsTWatsonNFSpendloveIEllisIDurrantLGHigh expression of Lewis y/b antigens is associated with decreased survival in lymph node negative breast carcinomasBreast Cancer Res20057R780R78710.1186/bcr130516168124ZhuLCLinBHaoYYLiFFDiaoBZhangSLImpact of alpha1,2-fucosyl transferase gene transfection on cancer-related gene expression profile of human ovarian cancer cell line RMG-1Ai Zheng20082793494118799031VernonAELaBonneCTumor metastasis: A new twist on epithelial-mesenchymal transitionsCurr. Biol200414R719R72110.1016/j.cub.2004.08.04815341765Vazquez-OrtizGPina-SanchezPVazquezKDuenasATajaLMendozaPGarciaJASalcedoMOverexpression of cathepsin F, matrix metalloproteinases 11 and 12 in cervical cancerBMC Cancer20055doi:10.1186/1471-2407-5-68VisseRNagaseHMatrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, function, and biochemistryCirc. Res20039282783910.1161/01.RES.0000070112.80711.3D12730128Talvensaari-MattilaAPaakkoPTurpeenniemi-HujanenTMatrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is associated with survival in breast carcinomaBr. J. Cancer2003891270127510.1038/sj.bjc.660123814520459PellikainenJMRopponenKMKatajaVVKellokoskiJKEskelinenMJKosmaVMExpression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in breast cancer with a special reference to activator protein-2, HER2, and prognosisClin. Cancer Res2004107621762810.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-106115569994KimMHKitsonRPAlbertssonPNannmarkUBassePHKuppenPJHoklandMEGoldfarbRHSecreted and membrane-associated matrix metalloproteinases of IL-2-activated NK cells and their inhibitorsJ. Immunol20001645883588910820269LuKVJongKARajasekaranAKCloughesyTFMischelPSUpregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 promotes matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activation and cell invasion in a human glioblastoma cell lineLab. Invest20048482010.1038/labinvest.370000314631378van den SteenPEDuboisBNelissenIRuddPMDwekRAOpdenakkerGBiochemistry and molecular biology of gelatinase B or matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol20023737553610.1080/1040923029077154612540195ChangCWerbZThe many faces of metalloproteases: Cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasisTrends Cell Biol200111S374311684441YanLMLinBZhuLCHaoYYQiYWangCZGaoSLiuSCZhangSLIwamoriMEnhancement of the adhesive and spreading potentials of ovarian carcinoma RMG-1 cells due to increased expression of integrin alpha5beta1 with the Lewis Y-structure on transfection of the alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase geneBiochimie20109285285710.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.01220172014GaoSLiuQWangXLinBZhangSEffects of Lewis Y antigen on the gene expression of multiple drug resistance-associated proteins in human ovarian cancer RMG-I-H cellsMed. Oncol20102796096710.1007/s12032-009-9317-619771531LiuJLinBHaoYQiYZhuLLiFLiuDCongJZhangSIwamoriMLewis y antigen promotes the proliferation of ovarian carcinoma-derived RMG-I cells through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathwayJ. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res20092815410.1186/1756-9966-28-15420003467LiuJJLinBHaoYYLiFFLiuDWQiYZhuLCZhangSLIwamoriMLewis(y) antigen stimulates the growth of ovarian cancer cells via regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor pathwayOncol. Rep20102383384120127027Redondo-MunozJUgarte-BerzalETerolMJvan den SteenPEdel CerroMHRoderfeldMRoebEOpdenakkerGGarcía-MarcoJAGarcía-PardoAMatrix metalloproteinase-9 promotes chronic lymphocytic leukemia b cell survival through its hemopexin domainCancer Cell20101716017210.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.04420159608O-CharoenratPRhys-EvansPModjtahediHCourtWBoxGEcclesSOverexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor in human head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines correlates with matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and in vitro invasionInt. J. Cancer20008630731710.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000501)86:3<307::AID-IJC2>3.0.CO;2-I10760816ChoiYALimHKKimJRLeeCHKimYJKangSSBaekSHGroup IB secretory phospholipase A2 promotes matrix metalloproteinase-2-mediated cell migration via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt pathwayJ. Biol. Chem2004279365793658510.1074/jbc.M31423520015220345Figures and Table
In vitro migration assay was performed by using 24-well transwell units coated with Matrigel. Invaded cell number was determined after cell seeding. * P < 0.05.
Expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in RMG-1 and RMG-1-hFUT cells shown by quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR (a) and Western blot analysis (b). (a) According to quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR, the mRNA level of these two TIMPs was significantly reduced, but the mRNA level of the two MMPs was markedly increased in RMG-1-hFUT cells, compared with RMG-1 cells (b) Protein levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, determined by Western blot, were consistent with the mRNA levels. Representative blots are shown, and protein size is expressed in kDa. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.
TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 concentrations as measured in the culture supernatants by ELISA. A diminution of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 secretion was observed in RMG-1-hFUT when compared with RMG-1 cells. ** P < 0.01.
Protein levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in RMG-1 and RMG-1-hFUT cells treated with anti-Lewis (y) antibody. (a) A representative Western blot of three independent and reproducible experiments. Lane 1. RMG-1 cells; 2. RMG-1 cells + antibody; 3. RMG-1-hFUT cells; 4. RMG-1-hFUT cells + antibody. (b) Quantitative data were expressed as the intensity ratio target genes to GAPDH. * vs. RMG-1 cells, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; ▴vs. RGM-1-hFUT cells, ▴P < 0.05, ▴▴P < 0.01.
Primer sequences used for quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR.