Optimization of the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Oryza Sativa L. ‘Violet Nori’ and Determination of the Antioxidant Properties of its Caryopses and Leaves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- developing an efficient and environmental friendly method for the extraction of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds from the caryopses, flour, and leaves of ‘Violet Nori’;
- evaluating the antioxidant properties and the anthocyanin content of the extracted samples and their changes in leaves throughout plant growth;
- singling out the best and most economically handled raw material for the sustainable industrial extraction of its anthocyanins.
2. Results
2.1. Preliminary Experiments
2.2. The First Tentative Direct UAE
2.3. The Selected UAE Conditions
2.4. Analyses of the Caryopses and Flour of ‘Violet Nori’ and Comparison with the Caryopses of Other Black Cultivars
2.5. Analyses of the Leaves of ‘Violet Nori’
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Equipment
4.3. Plant Materials
4.4. Experimental Design for Improving UAE Yields
4.5. The Final UAE Conditions
4.6. Determination of TPC
4.7. Determination of RSA
4.8. Determination of the Oxygen Radical Absorbing Capacity (ORAC)
4.9. HPLC Determination of the Anthocyanin Content
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of all the compounds reported in Material and methods are available from the authors. |
Experiment | X1 a | X2 | X3 | X4 | Y1 | Y2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 30% | 20% | 5 min | 1:40 | 35.8 | 7.4 |
2 | 70% | 20% | 5 min | 1:40 | 52.3 | 12.7 |
3 | 30% | 80% | 5 min | 1:40 | 47.7 | 12.0 |
4 | 70% | 80% | 5 min | 1:40 | 54.5 | 11.7 |
5 | 30% | 20% | 15 min | 1:40 | 33.1 | 10.0 |
6 | 70% | 20% | 15 min | 1:40 | 48.2 | 10.0 |
7 | 30% | 80% | 15 min | 1:40 | 52.7 | 15.1 |
8 | 70% | 80% | 15 min | 1:40 | 53.7 | 14.4 |
9 | 30% | 20% | 5 min | 1:32 | 25.5 | 8.1 |
10 | 70% | 20% | 5 min | 1:32 | 32.5 | 9.7 |
11 | 30% | 80% | 5 min | 1:32 | 34.5 | 10.6 |
12 | 70% | 80% | 5 min | 1:32 | 47.7 | 13.9 |
13 | 30% | 20% | 15 min | 1:32 | 46.0 | 10.2 |
14 | 70% | 20% | 15 min | 1:32 | 35.2 | 10.2 |
15 | 30% | 80% | 15 min | 1:32 | 40.7 | 10.3 |
16 | 70% | 80% | 15 min | 1:32 | 47.2 | 12.8 |
17 | 50% | 50% | 10 min | 1:36 | 47.1 | 11.2 |
18 | 50% | 50% | 10 min | 1:36 | 49.5 | 11.9 |
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Turrini, F.; Boggia, R.; Leardi, R.; Borriello, M.; Zunin, P. Optimization of the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Oryza Sativa L. ‘Violet Nori’ and Determination of the Antioxidant Properties of its Caryopses and Leaves. Molecules 2018, 23, 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040844
Turrini F, Boggia R, Leardi R, Borriello M, Zunin P. Optimization of the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Oryza Sativa L. ‘Violet Nori’ and Determination of the Antioxidant Properties of its Caryopses and Leaves. Molecules. 2018; 23(4):844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040844
Chicago/Turabian StyleTurrini, Federica, Raffaella Boggia, Riccardo Leardi, Matilde Borriello, and Paola Zunin. 2018. "Optimization of the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Oryza Sativa L. ‘Violet Nori’ and Determination of the Antioxidant Properties of its Caryopses and Leaves" Molecules 23, no. 4: 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040844