The Variation of Oncidium Rosy Sunset Flower Volatiles with Daily Rhythm, Flowering Period, and Flower Parts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Analysis of the Volatiles in Onc. Rosy Sunset Flowers
2.2. Changes of Volatile Components with Daily Rhythm
2.3. Changes of Volatile Components with the Flowering Period
2.4. Volatile Components in Different Parts of Onc. Rosy Sunset Flowers
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Materials
3.2. Volatile Components of Onc. Rosy Sunset
3.3. Changes of Volatile Components with Daily Rhythm
3.4. Volatile Component Changes during the Flowering Period
3.5. Volatile Components in Different Parts of the Onc. Rosy Sunset Flowers
3.6. GC and GC-MS
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Not available. |
Peak z | RI y | RI x | Compound | Content (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 718 | 713 | tiglaldehyde | 3.65 ± 0.70 w | |
2 | 754 | 761 | 2-methyl-2-buten-1-ol | 1.72 ± 0.31 | |
3 | 874 | 856 | o-xylene | 0.26 ± 0.06 | |
4 | 931 | 930 | benzaldehyde | 9.25 ± 0.45 | [8,17] |
5 | 968 | 963 | sabinene | 0.41 ± 0.02 | [17,18,21,24] |
6 | 975 | 971 | β-pinene | 0.37 ± 0.02 | [9,12,17,18,21,23,24] |
7 | 983 | 979 | β-myrcene | 4.15 ± 0.13 | [8,10,12,15,18,21,26] |
8 | 1011 | 995 | benzyl alcohol | 2.14 ± 0.14 | [17] |
9 | 1017 | 1009 | 2-ethyl-1-hexanol | 0.52 ± 0.07 | |
10 | 1022 | 1016 | limonene | 1.66 ± 0.02 | [8,9,15,17,18,24,26] |
11 | 1038 | 1031 | (E)-β-ocimene | 0.79 ± 0.03 | [10,12,15,17,18,23,24,26] |
12 | 1067 | 1064 | cis-linalool oxide | 1.47 ± 0.26 | [23] |
13 | 1085 | 1081 | linalool | 52.80 ± 2.75 | [8,9,12,17,18,23,26] |
14 | 1104 | 1097 | (E)-4,8-dimethyl-l,3,7-nonatriene | 0.14 ± 0.01 | [8,26] |
15 | 1116 | 1110 | butyl tiglate | 0.17 ± 0.02 | |
16 | 1117 | 1121 | alloocimene | 0.38 ± 0.02 | [9,18] |
17 | 1128 | 1124 | camphor | 0.20 ± 0.03 | |
18 | 1159 | 1144 | 2-ethylhexyl acetate | 0.24 ± 0.04 | |
19 | 1150 | 1153 | epoxylinalol | 0.10 ± 0.01 | |
20 | 1163 | 1157 | menthol | 0.48 ± 0.06 | |
21 | 1170 | 1167 | methyl salicylate | 0.82 ± 0.18 | |
22 | 1172 | 1176 | α-terpineol | 1.04 ± 0.14 | [17] |
23 | 1185 | 1183 | decanal | 0.10 ± 0.01 | |
24 | 1200 | 1200 | dodecane | <0.01 | [12,18] |
25 | 1201 | 1196 | benzenepropanol | 0.12 ± 0.01 | |
26 | 1215 | 1209 | 2-ethylhexyl acrylate | 0.24 ± 0.01 | |
27 | 1220 | 1216 | β-citral | 0.70 ± 0.05 | [10,15] |
28 | 1232 | 1236 | nerol | 0.19 ± 0.02 | [8,10,11,12,15,21] |
29 | 1237 | 1244 | geranial | 0.40 ± 0.05 | [8] |
30 | 1249 | 1253 | methyl hydrocinnamate | 0.08 ± 0.01 | |
31 | 1275 | 1279 | cinnamyl alcohol | <0.01 | |
32 | 1300 | 1300 | tridecane | 0.16 ± 0.02 | [9,12,15] |
33 | 1337 | 1348 | butyl benzoate | <0.01 | |
34 | 1354 | 1362 | vanillin | 0.05 ± 0.01 | [17] |
35 | 1366 | 1367 | benzyl 3-methylbutanoate | 0.31 ± 0.02 | |
36 | 1373 | 1380 | copaene | 0.21 ± 0.01 | [11,12,21] |
37 | 1400 | 1400 | tetradecane | 0.06 ± 0.01 | [12,18] |
38 | 1429 | 1415 | isopentyl benzoate | 0.18 ± 0.02 | |
39 | 1432 | 1431 | β-caryophyllene | 1.41 ± 0.13 | [12,15,17,21,26] |
40 | 1444 | 1446 | (Z)-β-farnesene | 0.42 ± 0.03 | [8,21] |
41 | 1459 | 1455 | 2,6-di-tert-butylquinone | 0.05 ± 0.01 | |
42 | 1474 | 1477 | benzyl tiglate | 1.17 ± 0.15 | |
43 | 1500 | 1498 | β-bisabolene | 0.20 ± 0.02 | [17] |
44 | 1548 | 1547 | nerolidol | 2.11 ± 0.25 | [8,11,26] |
45 | 1591 | 1582 | 2-methylpropanoate | 0.17 ± 0.02 | |
Total | 91.12 ± 1.21 |
RI | Compound | 10:00 | 12:00 | 14:00 | 16:00 | 18:00 | 20:00 | 22:00 | 24:00 | 02:00 | 04:00 | 06:00 | 08:00 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total amount | 4555 ± 186 b Z | 5117 ± 387 a | 2838 ± 106 c | 1719 ± 174 de | 991 ± 126 fg | 640 ± 14 1g | 535 ± 133 g | 584 ± 114 g | 741 ± 115 fg | 934 ± 166 fg | 1215 ± 151 ef | 1917 ± 75 d | |
relative proportion % | |||||||||||||
713 | tiglaldehyde | 9.18 ± 2.07 | 5.69 ± 0.99 | 9.01 ± 1.84 | 10.79 ± 1.57 | 9.31 ± 0.56 | 7.53 ± 0.70 | 6.84 ± 0.95 | 11.18 ± 3.58 | 12.83 ± 3.59 | 14.60 ± 3.46 | 14.86 ± 2.86 | 13.17 ± 2.66 |
761 | 2-methyl-2-buten-1-ol | 2.91 ± 0.63 | 2.58 ± 0.27 | 4.09 ± 0.71 | 4.62 ± 0.30 | 4.92 ±0.80 | 7.51 ± 1.17 | 6.98 ± 1.38 | 10.35 ± 0.23 | 7.68 ± 2.12 | 9.25 ± 3.12 | 9.13 ± 2.83 | 7.58 ± 2.40 |
856 | o-xylene | 0.78 ± 0.09 c | 1.57 ± 0.03 b | 1.67 ± 0.06 a | 0.74 ± 0.02 c | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.54 ± 0.01 d |
930 | benzaldehyde | 6.64 ± 1.20 | 6.66 ± 1.19 | 8.38 ± 1.40 | 6.81 ± 0.58 | 6.44 ± 0.69 | 6.03 ± 0.42 | 5.74 ± 0.16 | 6.56 ± 0.77 | 5.66 ± 0.43 | 5.20 ± 0.41 | 5.94 ± 0.45 | 6.99 ± 0.79 |
963 | sabinene | 0.27 ± 0.01 c | 0.24 ± 0.02 d | 0.26 ± 0.01 cd | <0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | <0.01 | 0.62 ± 0.01 a | 0.43 ± 0.02 b |
971 | β-pinene | 0.37 ± 0.04 fg | 0.30 ± 0.02 g | 0.39 ± 0.02 efg | 0.51 ± 0.01 de | 0.79 ± 0.07 ab | 0.91 ± 0.04 a | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.68 ± 0.05 bc | 0.60 ± 0.04 cd | 0.49 ± 0.04 def |
979 | β-myrcene | 2.72 ± 0.19 | 2.60 ± 0.31 | 2.16 ± 0.13 | 2.03 ± 0.23 | 2.89 ± 0.56 | 3.66 ± 0.80 | 3.59 ± 0.66 | 4.37 ± 1.16 | 3.59 ± 0.93 | 3.31 ± 0.83 | 3.12 ± 0.46 | 3.14 ± 0.22 |
995 | benzyl alcohol | 2.11 ± 0.68 a | 2.16 ± 0.56 a | 2.40 ± 0.50 a | 1.44 ± 0.19 ab | 0.75 ± 0.11 bc | - | - | - | - | 0.78 ± 0.01 bc | 1.04 ± 0.23 b | 1.61 ± 0.40 ab |
1009 | 2-ethylhexanol | 12.20 ± 11.47 | 11.08 ± 10.54 | 11.09 ± 10.61 | 12.39 ±11.76 | 12.73 ± 11.88 | 21.79 ± 16.71 | <0.01 | 23.04 ± 17.65 | 14.37 ± 12.97 | 13.35 ± 12.08 | 11.15 ± 10.13 | 8.48 ± 7.68 |
1016 | limonene | 1.26 ± 0.08 cd | 1.24 ± 0.08 cd | 1.34 ± 0.23 bcd | 1.14 ± 0.06 d | 1.66 ± 0.20 abcd | 1.96 ± 0.25 ab | 1.92 ± 0.16 ab | 2.20 ± 0.34 a | 1.82 ± 0.25 abc | 1.51 ± 0.11 bcd | 1.72 ± 0.31 abcd | 1.68 ± 0.25 abcd |
1031 | (E)-β-ocimene | 0.51 ± 0.05 a | 0.46 ± 0.06 a | 0.31 ± 0.01 b | <0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.43 ± 0.04 a |
1064 | cis-linalool oxide | 0.85 ± 0.08 d | 1.75 ± 0.19 c | 2.59 ± 0.18 ab | 2.70 ± 0.05 a | 2.32 ± 0.07 b | 1.40 ± 0.19 c | 0.96 ± 0.19 d | 0.89 ± 0.06 d | 0.76 ± 0.04 d | 0.67 ± 0.06 d | 0.72 ± 0.10 d | 0.95 ± 0.12 d |
1081 | linalool | 35.8 ± 2.09 a | 37.09 ± 3.15 a | 21.50 ± 1.23 c | 10.17 ± 0.64 e | 7.74 ± 1.89 ef | 5.73 ± 1.20 ef | 4.72 ± 0.77 f | 6.41 ± 1.47 ef | 7.34 ± 1.48 ef | 8.13 ± 0.84 ef | 14.99 ± 1.51 d | 29.07 ± 1.49 b |
1097 | (E)-4,8-dimethyl-l,3,7-nonatriene | 0.22 ± 0.01 ef | 0.14 ± 0.01 f | 0.46 ± 0.07 cdef | 0.76 ± 0.14 bc | 1.31 ± 0.30 a | 1.31 ± 0.28 a | 0.91 ± 0.06 b | 0.81 ± 0.06 bc | 0.65 ± 0.05 bcd | 0.54 ± 0.07 bcde | 0.42 ± 0.0 6cdef | 0.32 ± 0.06 def |
1110 | butyl tiglate | 0.77 ± 0.21 a | 0.38 ± 0.11 b | 0.49 ± 0.01 b | 0.50 ± 0.12 b | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.28 ± 0.01 b |
1121 | alloocimene | 0.26 ± 0.01 a | 0.25 ± 0.02 ab | 0.17 ± 0.01 c | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.23 ± 0.02 b |
1124 | camphor | 0.18 ± 0.02 d | 0.17 ± 0.01 d | 0.27 ± 0.03 cd | 0.33 ± 0.03 c | 0.47 ± 0.05 b | 0.69 ± 0.04 a | 0.74 ± 0.01 a | 0.69 ± 0.05 a | 0.68 ± 0.01 a | 0.54 ± 0.06 b | 0.46 ± 0.02 b | 0.35 ± 0.04 c |
1144 | 2-ethylhexyl acetate | 1.83 ± 1.58 | 2.23 ± 2.03 | 2.21 ± 2.08 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
1153 | epoxylinalol | <0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 c | 0.17 ± 0.02 b | 0.24 ± 0.04 a | <0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1157 | menthol | 0.65 ± 0.01 ef | 0.47 ± 0.05 f | 0.90 ± 0.15 ef | 1.27 ± 0.22 def | 2.10 ± 0.35 cd | 3.66 ± 0.55 ab | 4.51 ± 0.62 a | 4.34 ± 0.54 a | 3.30 ± 0.29 b | 2.73 ± 0.07 bc | 2.06 ± 0.16 cd | 1.47 ± 0.10 de |
1167 | methyl salicylate | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 1.18 ± 0.08 | 1.83 ± 0.75 | 2.44 ± 0.92 | 3.22 ± 1.29 | 3.19 ± 1.26 | 2.33 ± 0.84 | 2.57 ± 0.98 | 2.24 ± 0.86 | 1.89 ± 0.73 | 2.40 ± 0.01 | 2.18 ± 0.13 |
1176 | α-terpineol | 0.99 ± 0.24 bc | 1.53 ± 0.37 bc | 2.84 ± 0.98 bc | 5.79 ± 2.22 a | 3.54 ± 0.96 ab | 1.18 ± 0.29 bc | 0.76 ± 0.18 c | 1.25 ± 0.43 bc | 2.30 ± 0.88 bc | 3.11 ± 1.14 abc | 2.97 ± 0.82 bc | 2.21 ± 0.49 bc |
1183 | decanal | 0.13 ± 0.02 d | 0.14 ± 0.02 d | 0.22 ± 0.02 c | 0.35 ± 0.05 b | 0.45 ± 0.01 a | <0.01 | <0.01 | - | - | - | - | <0.01 |
1196 | benzenepropanol | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1209 | 2-ethylhexyl acrylate | 0.52 ± 0.36 | 0.56 ± 0.39 | 0.84 ± 0.55 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
1216 | β-citral | 0.91 ± 0.24 | 1.02 ± 0.28 | 1.58 ± 0.55 | 2.08 ± 0.78 | 1.10 ± 0.28 | 0.62 ± 0.02 | <0.01 | 1.30 ± 0.01 | 1.74 ± 0.65 | 2.19 ± 0.75 | 2.09 ± 0.69 | 1.84 ± 0.59 |
1236 | nerol | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1244 | geranial | 0.29 ± 0.04 b | 0.23 ± 0.06 c | 0.25 ± 0.03 c | <0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.53 ± 0.03 a | 0.46 ± 0.05 a | 0.47 ± 0.04 a |
1300 | tridecane | 0.18 ± 0.03 e | 0.23 ± 0.05 e | 0.35 ± 0.07 de | 0.55 ± 0.12 bcde | 0.76 ± 0.17 abc | 0.99 ± 0.24 a | 0.83 ± 0.15 abc | 0.90 ± 0.18 ab | 0.81 ± 0.17 abc | 0.66 ± 0.11 abcd | 0.54 ± 0.12 bcde | 0.46 ± 0.09 cde |
1367 | benzyl 3-methylbutanoate | 0.22 ± 0.01 c | 0.26 ± 0.08 bc | 0.31 ± 0.03 ab | <0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.28 ± 0.01 bc | 0.39 ± 0.02 a |
1380 | copaene | 0.33 ± 0.07 e | 0.39 ± 0.11 de | 0.60 ± 0.17 cde | 0.87 ± 0.25 abcd | 1.17 ± 0.38 ab | 1.38 ± 0.02 a | 1.11 ± 0.03 abc | 1.26 ± 0.04 ab | 0.81 ± 0.15 bcde | 0.66 ± 0.05 cde | 0.51 ± 0.05 de | 0.41 ± 0.04 de |
1415 | isopentyl benzoate | 0.12 ± 0.01 d | 0.18 ± 0.01 c | 0.26 ± 0.01 b | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.19 ± 0.01 c |
1431 | β-caryophyllene | 1.23 ± 0.36 | 1.54 ± 0.44 | 1.98 ± 0.56 | 2.67 ± 0.85 | 4.05 ± 1.41 | 4.47 ± 1.53 | 3.33 ± 0.90 | 4.69 ± 1.48 | 4.24 ± 1.19 | 3.50 ± 0.69 | 2.89 ± 0.56 | 2.28 ± 0.47 |
1446 | (Z)-β-farnesene | 0.94 ± 0.41 | 0.94 ± 0.38 | 1.30 ± 0.50 | 1.62 ± 0.65 | 1.86 ± 0.76 | 2.24 ± 0.05 | 1.66 ± 0.06 | 2.17 ± 0.09 | 1.79 ± 0.67 | 1.56 ± 0.51 | 1.35 ± 0.47 | 1.19 ± 0.41 |
1477 | benzyl tiglate | 0.97 ± 0.33 | 1.31 ± 0.36 | 1.82 ± 0.50 | 1.21 ± 0.22 | 0.53 ± 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.04 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.57 ± 0.02 | 0.68 ± 0.05 | 0.97 ± 0.19 |
1498 | β-bisabolene | 0.38 ± 0.01 d | 0.38 ± 0.01 d | 0.52 ± 0.02 c | 0.74 ± 0.05 b | 0.89 ± 0.05 a | <0.01 | - | - | - | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.01 cd |
1547 | nerolidol | 5.69 ± 2.57 | 6.21 ± 2.57 | 7.61 ± 3.02 | 8.78 ± 3.68 | 9.57 ± 4.08 | 7.30 ± 3.01 | 4.85 ± 1.92 | 5.17 ± 2.09 | 5.41 ± 2.19 | 4.70 ± 1.74 | 4.96 ± 1.88 | 5.04 ± 1.90 |
1582 | 2-methylpropanoate | 0.26 ± 0.01 c | 0.20 ± 0.05 c | 0.26 ± 0.03 c | 0.50 ± 0.04 a | 0.52 ± 0.03 a | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.34 ± 0.01 b |
Part | Component | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aldehydes | Alcohols | Esters | Hydrocarbons | Ketones | (Ep) Oxides | Total | ||||||||
Sum | RC y | Sum | RC | Sum | RC | Sum | RC | Sum | RC | Sum | RC | Sum | RC | |
sepal | 5 | 1964 a Z | 10 | 8675 a | 11 | 1026 a | 13 | 884 a | 2 | 36 a | 2 | 213 a | 43 | 12798 a |
petal | 5 | 1981 a | 10 | 7337 a | 11 | 876 a | 13 | 690 a | 2 | 45 a | 2 | 191 a | 43 | 11120 a |
lip | 2 | 280 b | 7 | 197 b | 4 | 18 b | 10 | 291 b | 2 | 21 a | 2 | 52 b | 27 | 859 b |
column | 2 | 22 b | 5 | 155 b | 5 | 33 b | 9 | 409 b | 3 | 22 a | 1 | 75 b | 25 | 716 b |
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Chiu, Y.-T.; Chen, H.-C.; Chang, C. The Variation of Oncidium Rosy Sunset Flower Volatiles with Daily Rhythm, Flowering Period, and Flower Parts. Molecules 2017, 22, 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091468
Chiu Y-T, Chen H-C, Chang C. The Variation of Oncidium Rosy Sunset Flower Volatiles with Daily Rhythm, Flowering Period, and Flower Parts. Molecules. 2017; 22(9):1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091468
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiu, Yi-Tien, Hsin-Chun Chen, and Chen Chang. 2017. "The Variation of Oncidium Rosy Sunset Flower Volatiles with Daily Rhythm, Flowering Period, and Flower Parts" Molecules 22, no. 9: 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091468