Characterization of Antifungal Natural Products Isolated from Endophytic Fungi of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Confirming the Endophytic Behaviour of the Putative Fungal Endophytes
2.1.1. Plant Pathogenicity Assay
2.1.2. Root Colonization Assay
2.2. Bio-Assay Guided Purification and Structural Elucidation of Anti-Fusarium Compounds
2.3. Structural Elucidation of the Isolated Antifungal Compounds
2.3.1. Compound 1 (Isolated from Fungus WF5)
2.3.2. Compound 2 (Isolated from Fungus WF6)
2.3.3. Compound 3 (Isolated from Fungus WF7)
2.4. Microscopic Examination of the Interaction Between Each Pure Antifungal Compound and F. graminearum in Vitro
3. Discussion
3.1. Previous Reports of Non-Pathogenic Fusarium and Penicillium sp. as Endophytes
3.2. Anti-Fusarium Compounds Purified from Finger Millet Endophytes
3.2.1. 4-Hydroxybenzofuranone (Isolated from Fusarium sp. Strain WF5)
3.2.2. Dehydrocostus Lactone (Isolated from Penicillium sp. Strain WF6)
3.2.3. Harpagoside (Isolated from Penicillium sp. Strain WF7)
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Source of Biological Materials
4.2. Competitive Inhibition Experiment
4.3. Plant Pathogenicity Assay
4.4. Root Colonization Assay
4.5. Bio-Guided Purification of Active Anti-Fusarium Compounds
4.6. Antifungal Assay of Purified Compounds Using Agar Diffusion Assay
4.7. Structure Elucidation of Active Anti-F. graminearum Compounds
4.8. Visualization of the Interactions Between F. graminearum and the Anti-F. graminearum Compounds
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mousa, W.K.; Schwan, A.L.; Raizada, M.N. Characterization of Antifungal Natural Products Isolated from Endophytic Fungi of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana). Molecules 2016, 21, 1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091171
Mousa WK, Schwan AL, Raizada MN. Characterization of Antifungal Natural Products Isolated from Endophytic Fungi of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana). Molecules. 2016; 21(9):1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091171
Chicago/Turabian StyleMousa, Walaa Kamel, Adrian L. Schwan, and Manish N. Raizada. 2016. "Characterization of Antifungal Natural Products Isolated from Endophytic Fungi of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)" Molecules 21, no. 9: 1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21091171