Assessing and Broadening Genetic Diversity of Elymus sibiricus Germplasm for the Improvement of Seed Shattering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Seed Shattering Degree of 36 E. sibiricus Accessions
2.2. Polymorphism of EST-SSR Markers and Genetic Relationships of 36 E. sibiricus Accessions
2.3. Genetic and Phenotypic Variation of Hybrid Population
3. Discussion
3.1. Genetic Diversity of E. sibiricus
3.2. Broadening Genetic Diversity for Seed Shattering Improvement
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. DNA Extraction and PCR Amplification
4.3. Phenotypic Traits Measurement
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population | Code | Accession | Origin | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
SC | 1 | Y1005 | Sichuan, China | Wild |
SC | 2 | SAU003 | Kangding, Sichuan, China | Wild |
SC | 3 | SAU133 | Aba, Sichuan, China | Wild |
SC | 4 | SAU139 | Kangding, Sichuan, China | Wild |
SC | 5 | SAU137 | Aba, Sichuan, China | Wild |
SC | 6 | SC02 | Ruoergai, Sichuan, China | Wild |
SC | 7 | SC03 | Ruoergai, Sichuan, China | Wild |
SC | 8 | Hongyuan | Hongyuan, Sichuan, China | Breeding line |
SC | 9 | Chuancao2 | Hongyuan, Sichuan, China | Cultivar |
NM | 10 | PI 499453 | Inner Mongolia, China | Wild |
NM | 11 | PI 665507 | Inner Mongolia ,China | Wild |
NM | 12 | PI 499456 | Inner Mongolia, China | Cultivated |
NM | 13 | PI 610886 | Inner Mongolia, China | Wild |
XJ | 14 | PI 655140 | Xinjiang, China | Wild |
XJ | 15 | PI 595182 | Xinjiang, China | Wild |
XJ | 16 | PI 595180 | Xinjiang, China | Wild |
XJ | 17 | Y2003 | Xinjiang, China | Wild |
XJ | 18 | PI 619577 | Xinjiang, China | Wild |
XJ | 19 | PI 499462 | Xinjiang, China | Wild |
XJ | 20 | PI 499468 | Xinjiang, China | Cultivated |
GS | 21 | XH02 | Xiahe, Gansu, China | Wild |
GS | 22 | XH03 | Xiahe, Gansu, China | Wild |
GS | 23 | XH09 | Xiahe, Gansu, China | Wild |
GS | 24 | LQ04 | Luqu, Gansu, China | Wild |
GS | 25 | LQ01 | Luqu, Gansu, China | Wild |
GS | 26 | HZ01 | Hezuo, Gansu, China | Wild |
GS | 27 | HZ02 | Hezuo, Gansu, China | Wild |
GS | 28 | ZhN01 | Zhuoni, Gansu, China | Wild |
GS | 29 | ZhN06 | Zhuoni, Gansu, China | Wild |
GS | 30 | MQ01 | Maqu, Gansu, China | Wild |
GS | 31 | LT01 | Lintan, Gansu, China | Wild |
GS | 32 | LT02 | Lintan, Gansu, China | Wild |
QH | 33 | Tongde | Qinghai, China | Cultivar |
QH | 34 | Qingmu1 | Qinghai, China | Cultivar |
QH | 35 | PI 531669 | Qinghai, China | Wild |
QH | 36 | PI 504462 | Qinghai, China | Wild |
Primer ID | Forward Primer (5′-3′) | Reverse Primer (5′-3′) | T | M | TP | %P | PIC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elw0300s019 | TTCATCCATCCAATTCTAGCACAA | GAAGGAGAAGATGGAATCCTTGAA | 8 | 0 | 8 | 100.00 | 0.49 |
Elw0669s043 | CATCTCACGGCAAGTAAATGAACA | TGCGAGATGGGGTACAATTTTTAT | 12 | 0 | 12 | 100.00 | 0.35 |
Elw1197s069 | ATGGCCGTAACCCTTTACCTGTAT | TTTCAAAGCCTTTCCAAGTGAATC | 7 | 1 | 6 | 85.71 | 0.48 |
Elw1420s081 | GGATAGACCCATGAGCTGACTGAT | CTTTCTCCACAAGTTGAACACAAGA | 11 | 0 | 11 | 100.00 | 0.35 |
Elw1468s087 | TAGCAATAAGTTGCTGCTGCTGTT | CCACCTCTAAATTAATCACCACGAA | 11 | 0 | 11 | 100.00 | 0.47 |
Elw1675s092 | CAGTTAAAATGCTTGTCCAAATGC | CCATGATTGTTCTGTCAAGAAACG | 10 | 1 | 9 | 90.00 | 0.48 |
Elw2676s146 | AATTCGAAAGCTGTGGACTTGTCT | CAATTTTGCTCTCAAGAGAACCGT | 10 | 1 | 9 | 90.00 | 0.48 |
Elw2698s152 | CAAAGCATGTGTAGGCAGTCTTGT | TAACAATGATCAGTTGATCGGACC | 9 | 0 | 9 | 100.00 | 0.50 |
Elw2807s159 | CCCAAGAAGCAAAAGTGAAGTTGA | ATAATTGCTGTAAAACGGCAGGAA | 11 | 0 | 11 | 100.00 | 0.50 |
Elw2808s160 | TTTCATATCCGATACCCAGAAAGC | GGGCGACAAGGGTACTACTAACAA | 4 | 0 | 4 | 100.00 | 0.45 |
Elw3264s184 | TGGACTGCTTTGGGACATAATAGG | CTGAATCATAGCCACCCTGAAAAC | 6 | 0 | 6 | 100.00 | 0.42 |
Elw3384s187 | AGCTCCTGATAGAAAGAGCCATCA | GGCTGCTGGAACTGAAGACAGTA | 16 | 0 | 16 | 100.00 | 0.36 |
Elw3492s190 | TGTTGTTGTTCCAGTTCCAGTCTC | AAAAACAACCACACAAGGTTGTCA | 9 | 2 | 7 | 77.78 | 0.43 |
Elw3995s226 | CTCTAGGGTTTTGGGATTTTAGCC | GTTGTGGAGGTCGGAGAAGGT | 7 | 0 | 7 | 100.00 | 0.49 |
Elw4419s261 | AGGGTGACTTGTCTTTGGGTGTAA | AGTCAGATGAAGGATGGCTGAAAC | 8 | 1 | 7 | 87.50 | 0.50 |
Elw5447s306 | TCCTCAAACTCCTCCTCTCTTCG | GAGGTAAGTCTCGACATCCTCGAC | 9 | 0 | 9 | 100.00 | 0.50 |
Elw5616s393 | TAGTAGCGTGGCACTCCTCTTCTT | GGTACAAACCACCAAAGGTACTGC | 22 | 0 | 22 | 100.00 | 0.42 |
Elw5627s404 | AGATGAAGCTGGTAACCGAGACAG | ATTTCCTCTAATGGAAGCTCTGGC | 17 | 0 | 17 | 100.00 | 0.46 |
Ps2283 | GCCACAACAAGAGAAGACCTTGC | GACCTGCATGATGCTCTCGC | 13 | 0 | 13 | 100.00 | 0.40 |
Ps261 | CTCGAATCCAGCTGAACAATTTCT | AGTCGATCCTCACCTTCATCTCC | 9 | 0 | 9 | 100.00 | 0.45 |
Ps3447 | AGCTTTATGAAGATCGCCACTCAC | CTGCTGCTGCTACCGTTCTTATTT | 13 | 0 | 13 | 100.00 | 0.50 |
Ps3577 | CATCTTGCATATAGCTCCTTCGCT | CTCAAGAAACCCACAATCCAATTC | 5 | 0 | 5 | 100.00 | 0.48 |
Ps938 | TTGCTCCTATGGTTCCACGTAGTT | AAAGTGAAATTCTGCCATCAGAGC | 13 | 1 | 12 | 92.31 | 0.49 |
Ltc0209 | CAGGAACATGAACAGAAGCCTGTC | GTACTGGTCGAACCACCCAAAGT | 12 | 1 | 11 | 91.67 | 0.50 |
Ltc0096 | GCGCACTACCGCCTCTTAGTT | GTCCAGGTAGCACACCTCCG | 8 | 2 | 6 | 75.00 | 0.49 |
ES-7 | CCTCCTCCGTTACCATGTTG | CCCTGCTTTTCCCTCTCTG | 4 | 3 | 1 | 25.00 | 0.27 |
ES-22 | AAGATATCCTGATGCTGGACAAA | GATCAGATCAATAGCTTGAGCG | 7 | 5 | 2 | 28.57 | 0.23 |
ES-23 | CGTACTTGCGCCAGAAGTG | AGGTGTCCATCGAAGGGTC | 14 | 2 | 12 | 85.71 | 0.45 |
ES-51 | GAGCTGAGCTGAGAAGAAAACAG | CACAATCATCTCATCTTCCTTCC | 14 | 0 | 14 | 100.00 | 0.44 |
ES-97 | ACTGTGGGAGAAGGTGAGAGACT | CTTTCCTCCAGCTCATGGTG | 8 | 4 | 4 | 50.00 | 0.49 |
ES-123 | AGCATGAAGCTCGACTGTGAGT | GCGAGTACATCTCGTACTTCTGG | 12 | 4 | 8 | 66.67 | 0.49 |
ES-125 | GAGCATCGACAGATTATTCCTTG | CGAAGGAACCTCTGCAAGAC | 5 | 3 | 2 | 40.00 | 0.23 |
ES-144 | GGTAGTCGTTGACCCAGATGTC | CACATTGTAAACTGGTCCTCCTC | 5 | 0 | 5 | 100.00 | 0.49 |
ES-231 | TAGCTGGTCATGCCTAGGAGTAG | CCAGGTGTCAGGATATAGCAAAA | 6 | 1 | 5 | 83.33 | 0.44 |
ES-236 | TCGCATGCTTATAATCCTTTGAC | TGAGGTCTCTGTCAATACCAACA | 6 | 3 | 3 | 50.00 | 0.35 |
ES-253 | CATCTCTTCAAACTTGGATTGGT | GTGATCTATACCATTGGCCTCAA | 12 | 4 | 8 | 66.67 | 0.46 |
ES-259 | CTCCTCTACCTGTCTGCTGCTA | AGATCGTCGACTACGTCAAGAAG | 11 | 0 | 11 | 100.00 | 0.47 |
ES-310 | CGTAGCAATTCCATTCTATCCAG | TGGTGAGCTAGATTGACACTGAG | 9 | 6 | 3 | 33.33 | 0.33 |
ES-347 | CATGAAGATGATGCGTGTTTTAAT | CCGACTCCTAATTGAACTCGTAA | 5 | 3 | 2 | 40.00 | 0.47 |
ES-405 | AGAGAAAAGGAGATTCTCATCCC | GCTGCTCTGCATCCTACTCTATC | 2 | 1 | 1 | 50.00 | 0.43 |
Mean | 9.5 | 1.2 | 8.3 | 87.11 | 0.44 | ||
Total | 380 | 49 | 331 |
POP | NPB | PPB (%) | I | H | Na |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC | 204 | 73.12 | 0.2650 | 0.1739 | 1.5368 |
NM | 137 | 56.85 | 0.1947 | 0.1301 | 1.3605 |
XJ | 177 | 66.79 | 0.2368 | 0.1570 | 1.4658 |
GS | 299 | 86.17 | 0.3594 | 0.2315 | 1.7868 |
QH | 70 | 32.71 | 0.0946 | 0.0623 | 1.1842 |
Mean | 177.4 | 63.13 | 0.2301 | 0.1510 | 1.4668 |
Source of Variance | Degree of Freedom | Sum of Squares | Variance Component | Total Variation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Among geographic regions | 4 | 403.45 | 8.48 | 16.60 |
Within geographic regions | 31 | 1320.13 | 42.58 | 83.40 |
Population | SC | NM | XJ | GS | QH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC | 0.9460 | 0.9478 | 0.9192 | 0.6453 | |
NM | 0.0555 | 0.9552 | 0.8783 | 0.6170 | |
XJ | 0.0536 | 0.0458 | 0.9024 | 0.6514 | |
GS | 0.0843 | 0.1297 | 0.1027 | 0.7553 | |
QH | 0.4381 | 0.4829 | 0.4286 | 0.2807 |
Material Name | PH (cm) | LL (cm) | LW (cm) | FLL (cm) | FLW (cm) | CD (cm) | CN (No.) | TN (No.) | PL (cm) | AL (cm) | 1000-SW (g) | SS (gf) | C.VV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y1005-1 | 56.3 | 12.6 | 0.9 | 9.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 183 | 20.0 | 1.1 | 4.4 | 41.9 | 18.37 |
ZhN06-1 | 98.0 | 16.2 | 0.8 | 9.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 3.4 | 152 | 19.2 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 97.2 | 17.09 |
F1-1 | 69.0 | 18.4 | 0.7 | 13.5 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 3.2 | 135 | 17.8 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 68.2 | 17.82 |
F1-2 | 79.0 | 20.2 | 1.0 | 15.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 111 | 20.0 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 93.0 | 16.03 |
F1-3 | 88.0 | 21.4 | 1.1 | 15.6 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 3.4 | 114 | 21.7 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 82.1 | 19.83 |
F1-4 | 82.0 | 22.6 | 1.1 | 17.5 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 3.1 | 95 | 23.3 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 114.9 | 14.46 |
F1-5 | 76.5 | 23.1 | 1.3 | 18.0 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 4.4 | 95 | 22.5 | 1.2 | 5.4 | 96.4 | 14.32 |
F1-6 | 81.7 | 22.8 | 0.9 | 18.8 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 132 | 19.4 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 143.4 | 16.82 |
F1-7 | 77.5 | 20.8 | 1.1 | 15.8 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 4.0 | 165 | 21.3 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 137.5 | 14.62 |
Max | 98.0 | 23.1 | 1.3 | 18.8 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 4.4 | 183 | 23.3 | 1.4 | 5.4 | 143.4 | 19.83 |
Min | 56.3 | 12.6 | 0.7 | 9.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 95 | 17.8 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 41.9 | 14.32 |
Mean | 78.7 | 19.8 | 1.0 | 14.8 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 3.5 | 131.3 | 20.6 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 97.2 | 16.59 |
MPH (%) | 2.5 | 48.4 | 21.8 | 80.9 | 44.0 | 13.3 | 10.3 | -27.8 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 51.1 | |
HPH (%) | -19.3 | 32.0 | 10.0 | 80.4 | 23.5 | -9.6 | 5.5 | -33.9 | 4.2 | 6.9 | -16.5 | 8.1 | |
SD | 11.62 | 3.51 | 0.17 | 3.60 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.44 | 30.82 | 1.75 | 0.12 | 1.19 | 32.05 | |
CV (%) | 14.78 | 17.74 | 17.28 | 24.32 | 23.55 | 17.47 | 12.61 | 23.47 | 8.50 | 10.28 | 33.11 | 32.98 |
Primer ID | Bands Information | BSYF | BSZF | BEPP | BEPF | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | M | TP | % P | PIC | |||||
Elw0300s019 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 33.33 | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Elw0669s043 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 100.00 | 0.42 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Elw1197s069 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 66.67 | 0.30 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Elw1420s081 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 100.00 | 0.42 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Elw1468s087 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 100.00 | 0.38 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Elw1675s092 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 87.50 | 0.30 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Elw2676s146 | 9 | 1 | 8 | 88.89 | 0.33 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Elw2698s152 | 9 | 1 | 8 | 88.89 | 0.34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Elw2807s159 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 44.44 | 0.14 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Elw2808s160 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 75.00 | 0.35 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Elw3264s184 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 85.71 | 0.37 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Elw3384s187 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 83.33 | 0.41 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Elw3492s190 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 42.86 | 0.16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Elw3995s226 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 40.00 | 0.08 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Elw4419s261 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Elw5447s306 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 83.33 | 0.31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Elw5616s393 | 17 | 1 | 16 | 94.12 | 0.40 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Elw5627s404 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 100.00 | 0.39 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Ps2283 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 100.00 | 0.44 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Ps261 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 66.67 | 0.25 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Ps3447 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 20.00 | 0.04 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ps3577 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 50.00 | 0.10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Ps938 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 25.00 | 0.09 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ltc0209 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 87.50 | 0.31 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Ltc0096 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 40.00 | 0.17 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ES-7 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ES-22 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ES-23 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 25.00 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
ES-51 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 87.50 | 0.38 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
ES-97 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ES-123 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 28.57 | 0.10 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
ES-125 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ES-144 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 20.00 | 0.07 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ES-231 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ES-236 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 20.00 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ES-253 | 11 | 6 | 5 | 45.45 | 0.13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
ES-259 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 100.00 | 0.41 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
ES-310 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ES-347 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ES-405 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mean | 6.4 | 2.6 | 3.9 | 59.92 | 0.20 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
Total | 257 | 103 | 154 | 32 | 41 | 3 | 13 |
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Zhang, Z.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, X.; Xie, W.; Wang, Y. Assessing and Broadening Genetic Diversity of Elymus sibiricus Germplasm for the Improvement of Seed Shattering. Molecules 2016, 21, 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21070869
Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhao X, Xie W, Wang Y. Assessing and Broadening Genetic Diversity of Elymus sibiricus Germplasm for the Improvement of Seed Shattering. Molecules. 2016; 21(7):869. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21070869
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zongyu, Junchao Zhang, Xuhong Zhao, Wengang Xie, and Yanrong Wang. 2016. "Assessing and Broadening Genetic Diversity of Elymus sibiricus Germplasm for the Improvement of Seed Shattering" Molecules 21, no. 7: 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21070869