Next Article in Journal
Resveratrol Protects against Physical Fatigue and Improves Exercise Performance in Mice
Previous Article in Journal
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene Derivatives
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 18
Issue 4
10.3390/molecules18044679
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of New Selenazole Derivatives with Antiproliferative Activity

by
Adriana Grozav Ignat
1,*,
Luiza Gaina
2,*,
Victor Kuete
3,
Luminita Silaghi-Dumitrescu
2,
Thomas Efferth
3 and
Valentin Zaharia
1
1
Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, RO-400012, Victor Babes 41, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, "Babes Bolyai" University RO-400028, Arany Janos 11, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2013, 18(4), 4679-4688; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18044679
Submission received: 11 March 2013 / Revised: 12 April 2013 / Accepted: 17 April 2013 / Published: 19 April 2013
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
New aryl-hydrazinyl-1,3-selenazole and aroyl-hydrazonyl-1,3-selenazoles were synthesized via Hantzsch type condensation reactions of selenosemicarbazides with α-halogenocarbonyl derivatives, under classical versus microwave heating conditions. Excellent yields and shorter reaction times were obtained under irradiation conditions. The structures of the synthesized compounds were assigned based on spectroscopic data (FT-IR, 1H-NMR), MS and elemental analysis. Selenazole derivatives were screened for their anti-proliferative effects against two leukemia cell lines (CCRF-CEM and HL60) and three carcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB231, HCT116 and U87MG).

1. Introduction

Selenium is an essential element for organisms, but its beneficial effects on human health are strongly dependent on concentration and on chemical form. The ingestion of foodstuffs with an elevated selenium content can induce toxicity [1], while a low concentration of Se leads to a deficient status [2].
In the last decade various organic selenium derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their biological properties such as free radical scavengers [3,4,5,6], superoxide anion-scavenging activity [7], inhibitors for different types of cancer cell proliferation [8,9,10,11,12,13], antioxidant activity [14,15,16] and anti-inflammatory activity or inhibitory effects on microglial activation [17]. Besides the beneficial effects, the toxic effects of selenium derivatives are well known; for example, the mutagenic effect induced by the sodium selenite in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is associated with the ability to act as an oxidizing agent producing superoxide and oxidative damage to DNA [18]. The genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of organoselonium derivatives in human leukocyte cells and V79 Chinese lung fibroblast cells can be associated to the pro-oxidant activity exhibited by selenium compounds when used in relatively high concentrations [19,20].
A literature survey reveals that the Hantzsch condensation (with changes in reaction conditions or catalysts) [21] appeared to be most frequently employed protocol for the synthesis of 1,3-selenazole derivatives. In our previous work, the lipophilicity and anticancer activity of a number of selenazole derivatives were investigated to better understand the correlation between drug delivery and permeation across a biological membrane [22,23,24]. Continuing our effort in the synthesis and in the characterization of the biological activity of new selenazole derivatives, we describe here the results of our investigations regarding the anti-proliferative effects against two leukemia cell lines and three carcinoma cell lines. To improve the reaction conditions, and encouraged by our previous results [25,26,27], microwave-assisted synthesis was used. The most important advantages induced by microwaves in organic synthesis consist in reduced reaction times, high yields and enhanced reaction rates [28].

2. Results and Discussion

The new arylidenehydrazinoselenazoles 3a–e and aroylhydrazinoselenazoles 5a–c were prepared via Hantzsch condensation reactions of a selenosemicarbazone or benzoylselenosemicarbazide with a series of α-halocarbonyl derivatives. Some of the starting materials, namely aryliden-selenosemicarbazones 1–2 and p-methoxybenzoylselenosemicarbazide 4, were obtained by the reaction of the corresponding aromatic carbaldehydes or methoxybenzoyl chloride with selenosemicarbazide (Scheme 1). Moderate yields were obtained using the classical reaction conditions, regardless of the various solvents tested (ethanol, acetone), and decomposition was observed when the reaction mixture was refluxed. To improve the yields and the reaction time, microwave irradiation was used instead of stirring the reaction mixture at room temperature. Experiments were therefore conducted at different temperatures (40 °C, 60 °C or 90 °C) and irradiation times (30', 60' and 90' respectively) to identify the optimal synthesis conditions. The best yields were obtained after 60 min of microwave irradiation at 60 °C inside the reaction vessel (temperatures above 90 °C cause decomposition of the reaction products).
Molecules 18 04679 g001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 1,3-selenazole derivatives.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 1,3-selenazole derivatives.
Molecules 18 04679 g001
Table
Comp. R1R2R3XComp.R1R4X
3ap-MeO-C6H4COOEt H 1p-Cl-C6H4--
3bp-MeO-C6H4MeCOMe 2p-MeO-C6H4--
3cp-MeO-C6H4CH2ClH 5a-COOEt-
3dp-Cl-C6H4MeCOMe 5b-COMe-
3ep-Cl-C6H4COOEtH 5c-H-
6a-COOEt HBr7a-COOEtBr
6b-MeCOMeCl7b-COMeCl
6c-CH2ClHCl7c-HCl
6d-MeCOMeCl
6e-COOEtHBr
A comparison of the two alternative techniques (see Table 1), microwave irradiation and the reaction at room temperature, emphasizes the advantages of microwave-assisted synthesis, which affords almost quantitative reaction yields in much shorter reaction times.
Table
Table 1. Comparative yields in the synthesis of selenazole derivatives, under microwave irradiation and without heating.
Table 1. Comparative yields in the synthesis of selenazole derivatives, under microwave irradiation and without heating.
Compounds3a3b3c3d3e5a5b5c
Yield (%) MW a9392959491949387
Yield (%) b5251565660576367
a W irradiation, power P = 200 W, time 60 min; b Without heating, room temperature, time 1,440 min.
The structures of the newly-synthesized compounds were confirmed by their 1H-NMR, MS and FT-IR spectra. In the 1H-NMR spectra of selenazoles 3a–e the most deshielded signal is a singlet around 8.1–8.9 ppm, assigned to the azomethine proton (CH=N). Other characteristic signals for compounds 3a–e and 5a–c are the two doublets generated by the aromatic protons from the phenyl ring. For example, these signals appear at 6.99 ppm, 7.66 ppm in the spectrum of selenazole 3a, at 6.99 ppm, 7.68 ppm for selenazole 3b, and 7.03 ppm, 7.95 ppm for selenazole 5a.
The typical abundances for selenium isotopes 76Se(9.37%), 77Se(7.63%), 78Se(23.77%), 80Se(49.61%) and 82Se(8.73%) [29,30] are present in the EIMS spectra. The molecular ion, accompanied by the isotopic peaks confirms the molecular weight of the selenazole derivatives [i.e., in the EIMS spectra for compound 5b, all the isotopic peaks for selenium are present, 351(78Se), 350(77Se), 349(76Se), 353 (80Se), 355 (82Se)].
The synthesized compounds were screened for their anti-proliferative effects against two leukemia cell lines, CCRF-CEM and HL60, and three carcinoma cell lines MDA-MB231, HCT116 and U87MG, in a protocol employing the resazurin assay. The cut-off point for compounds exhibiting good cytotoxic properties is considered as 10 µM for the IC50 value following incubation between 48 and 72 h [31]. Values below this threshold were recorded with all studied compounds against the leukemia CCRF-CEM, showing that they could be useful in the development of anticancer compounds for this cell line. Additionally, compounds with the IC50 values closer to 10 µM (3e - 12.86 µM, 5c - 11.94 µM and 4 - 10.62 µM) could also be suggested as useful cytotoxic compounds against leukaemia HL 60 cells. However, none of the compounds were as active as the reference drug doxorubicin. Although no significant anti-proliferative effects were noted against the three studied adherent cell lines, MDA-MB231, HCT116 and U87 MG, most of the compounds were active - with the IC50 values below 50 µM in the majority of the cases (Table 2).
Table
Table 2. IC50 values of the newly-synthesized compounds, versus doxorubicin.
Table 2. IC50 values of the newly-synthesized compounds, versus doxorubicin.
CompoundsCell lines and IC50 values (µM)
CCRF-CEMHL60MDA-MB231HCT116U87MG
3a6.36 ± 0.6648.44 ± 11.14>113.31>113.31>113.31
3b8.87 ± 2.5214.42 ± 234.3172.60 ± 47.5653.37 ± 8.6766.53 ± 6.36
3c5.11 ± 0.3027.67 ± 8.4585.24 ± 6.0035.96 ± 4.1765.41 ± 0.47
3d9.97 ± 1.5817.24 ± 1.6642.68 ± 1.1835.13 ± 3.7730.32 ± 1.08
3e8.40 ± 2.1512.86 ± 1.9965.72 ± 0.3746.14 ± 0.9759.12 ± 5.97
46.88 ± 1.5310.62 ± 0.8821.98 ± 0.6323.51 ± 0.8627.56 ± 10.02
5a8.33 ± 2.0329.88 ± 0.1761.19 ± 4.8624.99 ± 2.5829.80 ± 1.68
5b6.43 ± 0.9613.23 ± 0.1216.90 ± 4.5522.25 ± 1.6620.95 ± 1.62
5c5.67 ± 3.8711.94 ± 0.7229.19 ± 1.9234.66 ± 3.2125.22 ± 7.23
Doxorubicin0.20 ± 0.060.73 ± 0.201.10 ± 0.281.41 ± 0.291.06 ± 0.15

3. Experimental

3.1. General

All chemicals were obtained from standard commercial sources unless otherwise indicated. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 were prepared according to literature procedures [32,33]. Microwave irradiation was performed in a CEM Discover LabMate reactor. Melting points were measured with an Electrothermal IA 9200 apparatus, and are uncorrected values. 1H-NMR spectra were recorded in acetone-d6 (locked to Me4Si) using a 300 MHz or 400 MHz Bruker Avance NMR spectrometer. FT-IR spectra were recorded using a Bruker Vector 22 spectrometer. Elemental analysis was carried out on a Vario EL III instrument. The mass spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu QP 2010 Plus GC-MS instrument.

3.2. General Procedure for the Preparation of Arylhydrazinoselenazoles 3a–e

(a) A solution of α-halocarbonyl derivative (2 mmol) in anhydrous acetone (5 mL) was added to a solution of benzylidenehydrazinecarboselenoamide derivative (2 mmol) in DMF (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h and then neutralized at pH = 7 with NaHCO3 aqueous solution (10%).. The precipitate was filtered and then recrystallized from ethanol.
(b) A solution of α-halocarbonyl derivative (2 mmol) in anhydrous acetone (5 mL) was added to a solution of benzylidenehydrazinecarboselenoamide derivative (2 mmol) in DMF (5 mL). The reaction mixture was introduced in a microwave reaction vessel, which was then sealed and subjected to microwave irradiation. The reaction mixture was subsequently neutralized at pH = 7 with NaHCO3 aqueous solution (10%). The obtained precipitate was filtered and then recrystallized from ethanol. Experimental parameters for all derivatives are listed in Table 1.
(E)-Ethyl 2-[2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl]-1,3-selenazole-4-carboxylate (3a). White-yellowish crystals; yields: 36.7 mg, 52% (method a), 65.6 mg, 93% (method b); m.p. 216–217 °C; IR (KBr ν cm−1): 3181 (νNH), 3113 (νCH), 1714 (νCOester), 1612 (νC=N), 1578, 1551, 1512 (νC=Caromatic); EIMS (m/z): 355/353, 351/350, 349 (M+), 307, 134 (100%); 1H-NMR (300 MHz) δ: 1.31 (t, 3H, CH3, 3J = 7 Hz), 3.84 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.26 (q, 2H, CH2, 3J = 7 Hz), 6.99 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.7 Hz), 7.66 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.7 Hz), 8.13 (s, 1H, CH), 8.18 (s, 1H, CH-Se); Anal. calcd. for C14H15N3O3Se: C 47.74, H 4.29, N 11.93, O 13.63, Se, 22.42; found: C 47.76, H 4.25, N 11.98, O 13.54.
(E)-1-[2-(2-(4-Methoxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,3-selenazol-5-yl]ethanone (3b). Brown crystals; yields: 34.3 mg, 51% (method a), 62 mg, 92% (method b); m.p. 209–210 °C; IR (KBr ν cm−1): 3184 (νNH), 3030 (νCH), 1699 (νCOcetone), 1614 (νC=N), 1575, 1550, 1511 (νC=Caromatic); EIMS (m/z): 339/337, 335/334, 333 (M+), 294 (100%); 1H-NMR (300 MHz) δ: 2.40 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.49 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.84 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.99 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.7 Hz), 7.68 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.7 Hz), 8.19 (s, 1H, CH=N); Anal. calcd for C14H15N3O2Se: C 50.01, H 4.50, N 12.50, O 9.52, Se 23.48; found: C 50.04, H 4.52, N 12.51, O 9.46.
(E)-4-(Chloromethyl)-2-[2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl]-1,3-selenazole (3c). White crystals; yields: 36.7 mg, 56% (method a), 62.4 mg, 95% (method b); m.p. 183–184 °C; IR (KBr ν cm−1): 3182 (νNH), 3058 (νCH), 1610 (νC=N), 1576, 1551, 1510 (νC=Caromatic); EIMS (m/z):331/329, 327/326, 325 (M+), 294, 134 (100%); 1H-NMR (300 MHz) δ: 3.83 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.5 (s, 2H, CH2Cl), 6.98 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.7 Hz), 7.27 (s, 1H, Se-CH), 7.64 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.7 Hz), 8.10 (s, 1H, CH=N); Anal. calcd for C12H12ClN3OSe: C 43.85, H 3.68, Cl 10.79, N 12.79, O 4.87, Se 24.03; found: C 43.87, H 3.69, N 12.81, O 4.82.
(E)-1-[2-(2-(4-Chlorobenzylidene)hydrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,3-selenazol-5-yl]ethanone (3d). Brown crystals; yields: 38.1 mg, 56% (method a), 64 mg, 94% (method b); m.p 179–180 °C; IR (KBr ν cm−1): 3184 (νNH), 2993 (νCH), 1703 (νCO cetone), 1613 (νC=N), 1577, 1551, 1511 (νC=Caromatic); EIMS (m/z): 343/341, 339/338, 337 (M+), 298, 188, 138 (100); 1H-NMR (300 MHz) δ: 2.41 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.5 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.42 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.3 Hz), 7.7(d, 2H, 3J = 7.3 Hz), 8.14 (s, 1H, CH=N). Anal. calcd for C13H12ClN3OSe: C 45.83, H 3.55, Cl, 10.41, N 12.33, O 4.70, Se, 23.18; found: C 45.86, H 3.58, N 12.35, O 4.62.
(E)-Ethyl 2-[2-(4-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazinyl]-1,3-selenazole-4-carboxylate (3e). White-yellowish crystals; yields: 42.8 mg, 60% (method a), 64.9 mg 91% (method b); m.p. 240–241 °C; IR (KBr ν cm−1): 3182 (νNH), 3002 (νCH), 1722 (νCOester), 1614 (νC=N), 1576, 1550, 1512 (νC=Caromatic); EIMS (m/z): 359/357(100%), 355/354, 325 (M+), 311, 246, 138, 111; 1H-NMR (300 MHz) δ : 1.24 (t, 3H, CH3, 3J = 7 Hz), 4.16 (q, 2H, CH2, 3J = 7 Hz), 7.53 ppm (d, 2H, 3J = 7.6 Hz), 7.97 (d, 2H, 3J = 7.6 Hz), 8.13 (s, 1H, CH), 8.33 (s, 1H, CH-Se). Anal. calcd for C13H12ClN3O2Se: C 43.78, H 3.39, Cl, 9.94; N 11.78, O 8.97, Se, 22.14; found: C 43.80, H 3.41, N 11.79, O 8.93.

3.3. General Procedure for the Preparation of Aroylhydrazinoselenazoles 5a–c

(a) A solution of α-halogenocarbonyl derivative (2 mmol) in anhydrous acetone (5 mL) was added to a solution of 2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)hydrazinecarboselenoamide 4 (54.7mg, 2 mmol) in DMF (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h and then neutralized at pH = 7 with NaHCO3 aqueous solution (10%). The precipitate was filtered and then recrystallized from ethanol.
(b) A solution of α-halogenocarbonyl derivative (2 mmol) in anhydrous acetone (5 mL) was added to a solution of 2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)hydrazinecarboselenoamide 4 (54.7mg, 2 mmol) in DMF (5 mL). The reaction mixture was introduced in a microwave reaction vessel, which was then sealed and subjected to microvawe irradiation. The reaction mixture was subsequently neutralized at pH = 7 with NaHCO3 aqueous solution (10%). The obtained precipitate was filtered and then recrystallized from ethanol. Experimental parameters for all derivatives are listed in Table 1.
Ethyl 2-[2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)hydrazinyl]-4-methyl-1,3-selenazole-5-carboxylate (5a). White crystals; yields: 43.6 mg, 57% (method a), 72 mg, 94% (method b); m.p. 177–178 °C; IR (KBr ν cm−1): 3412, 3176 (νNH), 2982, 2838 (νCH), 1700 (νCOester), 1631 (νCOamide), 1587, 1531 (νC=Caromatic); EIMS (m/z): 385/383, 381/380, 379 (M+), 135 (100%); 1H-NMR (400 MHz) δ: 1.23 (t, 3H, CH3, 3J = 7 Hz), 2.43 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.84 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.16 (q, 2H, CH2, 3J = 7 Hz), 7.03 ppm (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2 Hz), 7.95 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.2 Hz); Anal. calcd for C15H17N3O4Se: C 47.13, H 4.48, N 10.99, O 16.74, Se, 20.66; found: C 47.15, H 4.50, N 11.01, O 16.23.
N'-(5-Acetyl-4-methyl-1,3-selenazol-2-yl)-4-methoxybenzohydrazide (5b). White crystals; yields: 44 mg, 63% (method a), 65.6 mg, 93% (method b); m.p. 186–187 °C; IR (KBr ν cm−1): 3412, 3211 (νNH), 3097, 2946 (νCH), 1696 (νCO cetone), 1635 (νCO amide), 1596, 1532 (νC=Caromatic); EIMS (m/z): 355/353, 351/350, 349 (M+), 135 (100%); 1H-NMR (300 MHz) δ: 2.4 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.46 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.89 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.05 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.5 Hz), 7.96 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.5 Hz); Anal. calcd. for C14H15N3O3Se: C 47.74, H 4.29, N 11.93, O 13.63, Se 22.42; found: C 47.76, H 4.31, N 11.95, O 13.54.
4-Methoxy-N'-(4-methyl-1,3-selenazol-2-yl)benzohydrazide (5c). White crystals; yields: 41.6 mg, 67% (method a), 54.1 mg 87% (method b); m.p. 265–266 °C; IR (KBr ν cm−1): 3399, 3208 (νNH), 3093, 2944 (νCH), 1633 (νCO amidă), 1591, 1526 (νC=Caromatic); EIMS (m/z): 313/311, 309/308, 307 (M+), 135 (100%). 1H-NMR (400 MHz); δ: 2.4 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.8 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.05 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.5 Hz), 7.12(s, 1H, Se-CH), 7.95 (d, 2H, 3J = 8.5 Hz); Anal. calcd. for C12H13N3O2Se: C 46.46, H 4.22, N 13.55, O 10.32, Se 25.45; found: C 46.43, H 4.25, N 13.53, O 10.30.

3.4. Cytotoxicity Assay

The resazurin reduction assay [34] was performed to assess the cytotoxicity of the newly-synthesized compounds towards various sensitive and resistant cancer cell lines, including the leukemia CCRF-CEM, HL60, breast MDA-MB231, colon HCT116 and glioblastoma U87MG. The assay is based on the reduction of the indicator dye, resazurin, to the highly fluorescent resorufin by viable cells. Non-viable cells rapidly lose their metabolic capacity to reduce resazurin and, thus, do not produce fluorescent signals anymore. Briefly, adherent cells were detached by treatment with 0.25% trypsin/EDTA (Invitrogen, Darmstadt Germany) and an aliquot of 1 × 104 cells was placed in each well of a 96-well cell culture plate (Thermo Scientific, Langenselbold, Germany) in a total volume of 200 µL. Cells were allowed to attach overnight and then were treated with different concentrations of compounds. For suspension cells, aliquots of 2 × 104 cells per well were seeded in 96-well-plates in a total volume of 100 µL. The studied compound was immediately added in varying concentrations in an additional 100 µL of culture medium to obtain a total volume of 200 µL/well. After 72 h, resazurin (Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany) (20 µL, 0.01% w/v) in ddH2O was added to each well and the plates were incubated at 37 °C for 4 h. Fluorescence was measured on an Infinite M2000 ProTM plate reader (Tecan, Crailsheim, Germany) using an excitation wavelength of 544 nm and an emission wavelength of 590 nm. Each assay was done at least twice with six replicates each. The viability was evaluated based on a comparison with untreated cells. IC50 values represent the compound concentrations required to inhibit 50% of cell proliferation and were calculated from a calibration curve by linear regression using Microsoft Excel.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we have carried out, in high yield and short reaction times, the synthesis of eight new 1,3-selenazole derivatives by microwave irradiation. The new 1,3-selenazoles were investigated for anti-proliferative effects against two leukemia cell lines (CCRF-CEM and HL60) and three carcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB231, HCT116 and U87MG) and show moderate biological in vitro activity.

Acknowledgments

Financial support from the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research (grant CNCSIS PNII 142198-1 and 11/RO-CH-RSRP/01.01.2013; grant ID PCCE 140/2008; grant UMF Cluj-Napoca 27020/22/15.11.2011) is greatly acknowledged. Victor Kuete is very grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt foundation for an 18 months fellowship in Germany through the “Georg Foster Research Fellowship for Experienced Researcher” program for funding this work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Muller, D.; Desel, H. Acute selenium poisoning by paradise nuts (Lecythis ollaria). Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2010, 29, 431–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Klapec, T.; Mandić, M.L.; Grgić, J.; Primorac, L.; Ikić, M.; Lovrić, T.; Grgić, Z.; Herceg, Z. Daily dietary intake of selenium in eastern Croatia. Sci. Total Environ. 1998, 217, 127–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Nishina, A.; Kimura, H.; Kozawa, K.; Sommen, G.L.; Nakamura, T.; Heimgartner, H.; Koketsu, M.; Furukawa, S. A superoxide anion-scavenger, 1,3-selenazolidin-4-one suppresses serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by activating MAP kinase. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2011, 257, 388–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Sekiguchi, A.; Nishina, A.; Kimura, H.; Fukumoto, R.; Kogami, M.; Ishihara, H.; Koketsu, M. Bis-(2-amino-5-selenazoyl) ketone as a superoxide anion-scavenger. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 29, 1404–1407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Takahashi, H.; Nishina, A.; Kimura, H.; Motoki, K.; Koketsu, M.; Ishihara, H. Tertiary selenoamide compounds are useful superoxide radical scavengers in vitro. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2004, 23, 207–211. [Google Scholar]
  6. Takahashi, H.; Nishina, A.; Fukumoto, R.; Kimura, H.; Koketsu, M.; Ishihara, H. Selenoureas and thioureas are effective superoxide radical scavengers in vitro. Life Sci. 2005, 76, 2185–2192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Takahashi, H.; Nishina, A.; Fukumoto, R.; Kimura, H.; Koketsu, M.; Ishihara, H. Selenocarbamates are effective superoxide anion scavengers in vitro. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2005, 24, 291–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Bijian, K.; Zhang, Z.; Xu, B.; Jie, S.; Chen, B.; Wan, S.; Wu, J.; Jiang, T.; Alaoui-Jamali, M.A. Synthesis and biological activity of novel organoselenium derivatives targeting multiple kinases and capable of inhibiting cancer progression to metastases. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 48, 143–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Madhunapantula, S.V.; Desai, D.; Sharma, A.; Huh, S.J.; Amin, S.; Robertson, G.P. PBISe, a novel selenium-containing drug for the treatment of malignant melanoma. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2008, 7, 1297–308. [Google Scholar]
  10. Desai, D.; Madhunapantula, S.V.; Gowdahalli, K.; Sharma, A.; Chandagaludoreswamy, R.; El-Bayoumy, K.; Robertson, G.P.; Amin, S. Synthesis and characterization of a novel iNOS/Akt inhibitor Se,Se0-1,4-phenylenebis(1,2-ethanediyl)bisisoselenourea (PBISe)—against colon cancer. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 2038–2043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Xing, F.; Li, S.; Ge, X.; Wang, C.; Zeng, H.; Li, D.; Dong, L. The inhibitory effect of a novel organoselenium compound BBSKE on the tongue cancer Tca8113 in vitro and in vivo. Oral Oncol. 2008, 44, 963–969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Wang, L.; Yang, Z.; Fu, J.; Yin, H.; Xiong, K.; Tan, Q.; Jin, H.; Li, J.; Wang, T.; Tang, W.; et al. Ethaselen: a potent mammalian thioredoxin reductase 1 inhibitor and novel organoselenium anticancer agent. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2012, 52, 898–908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Terazawa, R.; Garud, D.R.; Hamada, N.; Fujita, Y.; Itoh, T.; Nozawa, Y.; Nakane, K.; Deguchi, T.; Koketsu, M.; Ito, M. Identification of organoselenium compounds that possess chemopreventive properties in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2010, 18, 7001–7008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Merino-Montiel, P.; Maza, S.; Martos, S.; LOpez, O.; Maya, I.; Fernandez-Bolanos, J.G. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of O-alkyl selenocarbamates, selenoureas and selenohydantoins. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2013, 48, 582–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Barbieri Gerzson, M.F.; Victoria, F.N.; Radatz, C.S.; de Gomes, M.G.; Boeira, S.P.; Jacob, R.G.; Alves, D.; Jesse, C.R.; Savegnago, L. In vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo antidepressant-like effect of α-(phenylselanyl) acetophenone in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2012, 102, 21–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Acker, C.I.; Brandão, R.; Rodrigues Rosário, A.; Nogueira, C.W. Antioxidant effect of alkynylselenoalcohol compounds on liver and brain of rats in vitro. Environ. Toxicol. Phar. 2009, 28, 280–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Nam, K.N.; Koketsu, M.; Lee, E.H. 5-Chloroacetyl-2-amino-1,3-selenazoles attenuate microglial inflammatory responses through NF-κB inhibition. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 589, 53–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Letavayova, L.; Vlasakova, D.; Spallholz, J.E.; Brozmanova , J.; Chovanec, M. Toxicity and mutagenicity of selenium compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat. Res. 2008, 638, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Santos, D.B.; Schiar, V.P.P.; Ribeiro, M.C.P.; Schwab, R.S.; Meinerz, D.F.; Allebrandt, J.; Rocha, J.B.T.; Nogueira, C.W.; Aschner, M.; Barbosa, N.B.V. Genotoxicity of organoselenium compounds in human leukocytes in vitro. Mutat. Res. 2009, 676, 21–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Rosa, R.M.; Picada, J.N.; Saffi, J.; Henriques, J.A.P. Cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects of diphenyl diselenide in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. Mutat. Res. 2007, 628, 87–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Tao, H.; Weng, Y.; Zhuo, Z.; Chang, G.; Urbatsch, L.I.; Zhang, Q. Design and synthesis of Selenazole-containing peptides for cocrystallization with P-glycoprotein. ChemBioChem 2011, 12, 868–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Cozma, A.; Vlase, L.; Ignat, A.; Zaharia, V.; Gocan, S.; Marutoiu, C.; Fodor, A. Lipophilicity study of new selenazole derivatives by RP-HPLC. Rev. Chim. (Bucharest) 2012, 63, 651–655. [Google Scholar]
  23. Cozma, A.; Zaharia, V.; Ignat, A.; Gocan, S.; Grinberg, N. Prediction of the lipophilicity of nine new synthesized selenazoly and three aroyl–hydrazinoselenazoles derivatives by reversed-phase high performance thin-layer chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2012, 50, 157–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Zaharia, V.; Ignat, A.; Ngameni, B.; Kuete, V.; Moungang, M.L.; Fokunang, C.N.; Vasilescu, M.; Palibroda, N.; Cristea, C.; Silaghi-Dumitrescu, L.; et al. Heterocycles 23: Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity of new hydrazinoselenazole derivatives. Med. Chem. Res. 2013, 558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Gaina, L.; Gal, E.; Mataranga-Popa, L.; Porumb, D.; Nicolescu, A.; Cristea, C.; Silaghi-Dumitrescu, L. Synthesis, structural investigations, and DFT calculations on novel 3-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-10-methyl-10H-phenothiazine derivatives with fluorescence properties. Tetrahedron 2011, 68, 2465–2470. [Google Scholar]
  26. Gaina, L.; Porumb, D.; Silaghi-Dumitrescu, L.; Cristea, C.; Silaghi-Dumitrescu, L. On the microwave-assisted synthesis of acylphenothiazine derivatives-Experiment versus theory synergism. Can. J. Chem. 2010, 88, 42–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Gaina, L.; Cristea, C.; Moldovan, C.; Porumb, D.; Surducan, E.; Deleanu, C.; Mahamoud, A.; Barbe, J.; Silberg, I.A. Microwave-assisted synthesis of phenothiazine and quinoline derivatives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2007, 8, 70–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Vaibhav, P.M.; Van der Eycken, E.V. Microwave-assisted C-C bond forming cross-coupling reactions: an overview. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 4925–4936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Audi, G.; Wapstra, A.H. The 1993 atomic mass evaluation. Nucl. Phys. A 1993, 565, 1–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Audi, G.; Wapstra, A.H. The 1995 update to the atomic mass evaluation. Nucl. Phys. A 1995, 595, 409–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Brahemi, G.; Kona, F.R.; Fiasella, A.; Buac, D.; Soukupov, J.; Brancale, A.; Burger, A.M.; Westwell, A.D. Exploring the structural requirements for inhibition of the ubiquitin E3 ligase breast cancer associated protein 2 (BCA2) as a treatment for breast cancer. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 2757–2765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Wiles, D.M.; Suprunchuk, T. The C==S stretching vibration in the infrared spectra of some thiosemicarbazones. II. Aldehyde thiosemicarbazones containing aromatic groups. Can. J. Chem. 1967, 45, 2258–2263. [Google Scholar]
  33. Collard-Charon, C.; Renson, M. Synthèse des Sélénosemicarbazides Substituées III. Synthèse des sélénosemicarbazides substituées en 1. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 1962, 71, 554–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. O’Brien, J.; Wilson, I.; Orton, T.; Pognan, F. Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity. Eur. J. Biochem. 2000, 267, 5421–5426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 1, 2, 3a–e, 4, 5a–c are available from the author A. Ignat (Grozav).

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Grozav Ignat, A.; Gaina, L.; Kuete, V.; Silaghi-Dumitrescu, L.; Efferth, T.; Zaharia, V. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of New Selenazole Derivatives with Antiproliferative Activity. Molecules 2013, 18, 4679-4688. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18044679

AMA Style

Grozav Ignat A, Gaina L, Kuete V, Silaghi-Dumitrescu L, Efferth T, Zaharia V. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of New Selenazole Derivatives with Antiproliferative Activity. Molecules. 2013; 18(4):4679-4688. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18044679

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grozav Ignat, Adriana, Luiza Gaina, Victor Kuete, Luminita Silaghi-Dumitrescu, Thomas Efferth, and Valentin Zaharia. 2013. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of New Selenazole Derivatives with Antiproliferative Activity" Molecules 18, no. 4: 4679-4688. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18044679

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop