Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Isohexenylnaphthazarins from Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Jonst. (Boraginaceae) Callus and Cell Suspension Culture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Isolation of Isohexenylnaphthazarin Pigments
2.2. Antimicrobial Activity
Zone of inhibition in cm | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. aureus | S. epidermidis | P. aeruginosa | K. pneumoniae | E. cloacae | E. coli | C. albicans | C. tropicalis | C. glabrata | |
A. euchroma (callus n-hexane extract) | 15 | 15 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
A. euchroma (cell suspension culture n-hexane extract) | 16 | 16 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 |
1 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
2 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 14 |
3 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
4 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 13 |
5 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 12 | 12 |
6 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
7 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 |
8 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 |
9 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 13 |
Metilmycin | 22 | 24 | 20 | 25 | 23 | 22 | - | - | - |
Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid | 21 | 21 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 24 | - | - | - |
5-Flucytocine | - | - | - | - | - | - | 22 | 24 | 22 |
Amphotericin B | - | - | - | - | - | - | 23 | 24 | 24 |
2.3. Cytotoxic Activities
Compound | IC50 (µM) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CCRF-CEM | MDA-MB-231 | U251 | HCT 116 | |
1 | 2.31 ± 0.27 | 13.34 ± 1.35 | 15.01 ± 1.16 | 8.39 ± 1.20 |
2 | 1.67 ± 0.38 | 27.59 ± 8.25 | 41.70 ± 5.85 | 6.53 ± 0.87 |
3 | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 6.22 ± 0.46 | 19.17 ± 1.43 | 1.52 ± 0.05 |
4 | 0.53 ± 0.02 | 5.60 ± 0.36 | 16.39 ± 0.45 | 5.64 ± 0.14 |
5 | 3.32 ± 0.74 | 12.07 ± 0.13 | 69.70 ± 17.67 | 12.50 ± 1.05 |
6 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 4.62 ± 0.14 | 3.17 ± 0.31 | 1.75 ± 0.06 |
7 | 1.22 ± 0.24 | 30.05 ± 5.92 | >100 µM | 7.97 ± 0.84 |
8 | 1.69 ± 0.15 | 12.21 ± 0.88 | 25.84 ± 0.66 | 6.83 ± 0.85 |
9 | 1.01 ± 0.09 | 11.33 ± 1.65 | 15.86 ± 0.67 | 9.02 ± 0.51 |
VBN | 9.4 × 10−3 ± 2 × 10−4 | 3.1 × 10−2 ± 4.6 × 10−3 | 8.1 × 10−3 ± 1.0 × 10−3 | 8.7 × 10−3 ± 5.0 × 10−4 |
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemicals and Reagents
3.2. Instruments and Methods
3.3. Plant Callus and Cell Suspension Culture
3.4. Extraction and Isolation
3.5. Compound Characterization
3.6. Antimicrobial Activity
3.6.1. Microbial Strains
3.6.2. Antimicrobial Assays
3.7. Cell Culture
3.8. XTT Viability Assay
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Sample Availability: Samples of all isolated compounds are available from the authors.
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Damianakos, H.; Kretschmer, N.; Sykłowska-Baranek, K.; Pietrosiuk, A.; Bauer, R.; Chinou, I. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Isohexenylnaphthazarins from Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Jonst. (Boraginaceae) Callus and Cell Suspension Culture. Molecules 2012, 17, 14310-14322. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171214310
Damianakos H, Kretschmer N, Sykłowska-Baranek K, Pietrosiuk A, Bauer R, Chinou I. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Isohexenylnaphthazarins from Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Jonst. (Boraginaceae) Callus and Cell Suspension Culture. Molecules. 2012; 17(12):14310-14322. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171214310
Chicago/Turabian StyleDamianakos, Harilaos, Nadine Kretschmer, Katarzyna Sykłowska-Baranek, Agnieszka Pietrosiuk, Rudolf Bauer, and Ioanna Chinou. 2012. "Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Isohexenylnaphthazarins from Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Jonst. (Boraginaceae) Callus and Cell Suspension Culture" Molecules 17, no. 12: 14310-14322. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171214310