**Development and Pilot Testing of 24-Hour Multiple-Pass Recall to Assess Dietary Intake of Toddlers of Somali- and Iraqi-Born Mothers Living in Norway**

**Navnit Kaur Grewal 1,\*, Annhild Mosdøl 2,3, Marte Bergsund Aunan 2 , Carina Monsen <sup>2</sup> and Liv Elin Torheim 1,2**


*Received: 7 February 2014; in revised form: 4 June 2014 / Accepted: 6 June 2014 / Published: 19 June 2014* 

**Abstract:** The aim of this study was to develop, test, and evaluate a 24-h recall procedure to assess the dietary intake of toddlers of Somali- and Iraqi-born mothers living in Norway. A protocol for a 24-h multiple-pass recall procedure, registration forms, and visual tools (a picture library for food identification and portion size estimation) was developed and tested in 12 mothers from Somalia and Iraq with children aged 10–21 months. Five female field workers were recruited and trained to conduct the interviews. Evaluation data for the 24-h recall procedure were collected from both the mothers and the field workers. Nutrient intake was calculated using a Norwegian dietary calculation system. Each child's estimated energy intake was compared with its estimated energy requirement. Both the mothers and the field workers found the method feasible and the visual tools useful. The estimated energy intake corresponded well with the estimated energy requirement for most of the children (within mean ± 2 SD, except for three). The pilot study identified the need for

additional foods in the picture library and some crucial aspects in training and supervising the field workers to reduce sources of error in the data collection.

**Keywords:** 24-h recall; dietary assessment; infants; toddlers; Somalia; Iraq; immigrants; Norway
