From Open to Closed-Cycle Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Packaging Systems: An Overview of Potential Avenues for Progress

This chapter examines the current situation with regard to closed-cycle packaging systems that are organised at a national rather than local or single product/business scale. A clear distinction is drawn between reuse and recycling where packaging is returned to its original function/value, and repurposing, where packaging is usually transformed into a lower value form. It is noted that repurposing cannot support a closed-cycle system, and that true recycling and reuse are only bases for such a system. The current situation with regard to FMCG packaging reuse and recycling are examined, and it is noted that the programmes that do exist are highly fragmented, and that true progress towards package waste reduction is not being achieved. Systems for reuse and recycling on a national scale are then examined, and the basic structures of such systems are identified. It is noted that when they are scaled up to a national level the distinction between systems that are based on FMCG package reuse or recycling become highly nuanced as the platforms converge. The only difference is whether a package completes a single or multiple reuse cycles before it is recycled (remanufactured). Finally the obstacles to such a system are examined. It is noted that such a system can only be established via aggressive government regulation and that some recent international trade treaties may be a major barrier to such regulation, and thus to the establishment of these systems.