Calculus of Variations, Optimal Control, and Mathematical Biology A Themed Issue Dedicated to Professor Delfim F. M. Torres on the Occasion of His 50th Birthday

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calculus of variations; non-Newtonian calculus; multiplicative integral functionals; multiplicative Euler–Lagrange equations; admissible positive functions; epidemiology; mathematical modeling; fractional calculus; equilibrium; stability; fractional (p, q)-integral; fractional (p, q)-difference; periodic boundary value problems; existence; coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); ABC derivative; hybrid method; existence analysis; semi-analytical solution; fractional derivatives; distributional derivatives; Sobolev spaces; bounded variation functions; embeddings; compactness; calculus of variations; Abel equation; optimal control; maximum principle; mixed constraints; Physics Informed Neural Networks; mathematical modeling; data analysis; COVID-19; COVID-19; vaccination; basic reproduction number; stability; Lyapunov function; optimal control; weighted generalized fractional calculus; integration by parts formula; Euler–Lagrange equation; quantum mechanics; calculus of variations; fractional differential equations; boundary value problems; Kolmogorov–Riesz theorem; fixed point theorems; Nemytskii operator; approximation solution; fuzzy number; fuzzy fractional order derivative; coronavirus infection system; Adomian decomposition method; convex surfaces; surface area measure of a convex body; Newton’s problem of minimal resistance; measles; mathematical model; global sensitivity analysis; partial rank correlation coefficient (PRCC); fractional derivative; Caputo derivative; Ulam–Hyers stability; fractional control systems; neutral evolution systems; controllability; optimal control; minimum energy; Banach fixed point theorem; population dynamics; vertical transmission; epidemic fear; n/a