Dietary Intake of Vitamin B12 is Better for Restoring a Low B12 Status Than a Daily High-Dose Vitamin Pill: An Experimental Study in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Study Design
2.3. B12 Contents of Diets
2.4. Jelly Beans with B12
2.5. Training of Rats to Eat Jelly Beans
2.6. Determination of B12 in Rat Plasma and Tissues
2.7. A Pilot Study to Test the Absorption of B12 from Jelly Beans
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Consumption of Diets and B12 Intakes
3.2. Plasma and Tissue B12 after Intervention with Dietary B12 or Vitamin Pills
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
- Green, R.; Allen, L.H.; Bjorke-Monsen, A.L.; Brito, A.; Gueant, J.L.; Miller, J.W.; Molloy, A.M.; Nexo, E.; Stabler, S.; Toh, B.H.; et al. Vitamin b12 deficiency. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2017, 3, 17040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Farquharson, J.; Adams, J.F. The forms of vitamin b12 in foods. Br. J. Nutr. 1976, 36, 127–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Institute of Medicine Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin b6, Folate, Vitamin b12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, J.M. Bioavailability of vitamin b12. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997, 51 (Suppl. 1), S49–S53. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Adams, J.F.; Ross, S.K.; Mervyn, L.; Boddy, K.; King, P. Absorption of cyanocobalamin, coenzyme b 12, methylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin at different dose levels. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1971, 6, 249–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Weisberg, H.; Jerzy Glass, G.B. Hydroxocobalamin. VI. Comparison of intestinal absorption in man of large doses of hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1966, 122, 25–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kornerup, L.S.; Juul, C.B.; Fedosov, S.N.; Heegaard, C.W.; Greibe, E.; Nexo, E. Absorption and retention of free and milk protein-bound cyano- and hydroxocobalamins. An experimental study in rats. Biochimie 2016, 126, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Greibe, E.; Kornerup, L.; Juul, C.; Fedosov, S.; Heegaard, C.; Nexo, E. The tissue profile of metabolically active coenzyme forms of vitamin b12 differs in b12-depleted rats treated with hydroxo-b12 and cyano-b12. Br. J. Nutr. 2018, 120, 49–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kozlowski, P.M.; Garabato, B.D.; Lodowski, P.; Jaworska, M. Photolytic properties of cobalamins: A theoretical perspective. Dalton Trans. 2016, 45, 4457–4470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kornerup, L.S.; Fedosov, S.N.; Juul, C.B.; Greibe, E.; Heegaard, C.W.; Nexo, E. Tissue distribution of oral vitamin b12 is influenced by b12 status and b12 form: An experimental study in rats. Eur. J. Nutr. 2018, 57, 1459–1469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Birn, H.; Nexo, E.; Christensen, E.I.; Nielsen, R. Diversity in rat tissue accumulation of vitamin b12 supports a distinct role for the kidney in vitamin b12 homeostasis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2003, 18, 1095–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scott, J.S.; Treston, A.M.; Bowman, E.P.; Owens, J.A.; Cooksley, W.G. The regulatory roles of liver and kidney in cobalamin (vitamin b12) metabolism in the rat: The uptake and intracellular binding of cobalamin and the activity of the cobalamin-dependent enzymes in response to varying cobalamin supply. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 1984, 67, 299–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Newmark, P.A. The mechanism of vitamin b 12 by the kidney of the rat in vivo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1972, 261, 85–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berlin, H.; Berlin, R.; Brante, G. Oral treatment of pernicious anemia with high doses of vitamin b12 without intrinsic factor. Acta Med. Scand. 1968, 184, 247–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Mean Organ Weight (g) | Whole-Organ B12 (pmol) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All rats n = 60 | HO-diet n = 12 | CN-diet n = 12 | CN-pill n = 12 | CN-pill (4×) n = 12 | Low-B12 n = 12 | |
Liver | 18.1 (12.5–23.2) | 617 (455–813) | 478 (350–636) | 546 (363–689) | 613 (456–844) | 489 (429–630) |
Kidneys | 3.4 (2.7–4) | 1229 (701–1588) | 1680 (1161–1977) | 878 (536–1130) | 800 (452–1956) | 463 (254–889) |
Brain | 2.4 (2.1–2.9) | 34.8 (30.5–41.3) | 34.0 (29.1–38.2) | 34.7 (27.7–45.5) | 37.7 (31.9–43.2) | 32.9 (28.1–40.2) |
Body weight (g) | 444 (369–540) | 444 (369–503) | 450 (385–540) | 439 (379–531) | 438 (411–502) | 452 (390–505) |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Greibe, E.; Nymark, O.; Fedosov, S.N.; Heegaard, C.W.; Nexo, E. Dietary Intake of Vitamin B12 is Better for Restoring a Low B12 Status Than a Daily High-Dose Vitamin Pill: An Experimental Study in Rats. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081096
Greibe E, Nymark O, Fedosov SN, Heegaard CW, Nexo E. Dietary Intake of Vitamin B12 is Better for Restoring a Low B12 Status Than a Daily High-Dose Vitamin Pill: An Experimental Study in Rats. Nutrients. 2018; 10(8):1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081096
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreibe, Eva, Ole Nymark, Sergey N. Fedosov, Christian W. Heegaard, and Ebba Nexo. 2018. "Dietary Intake of Vitamin B12 is Better for Restoring a Low B12 Status Than a Daily High-Dose Vitamin Pill: An Experimental Study in Rats" Nutrients 10, no. 8: 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081096