UPLC-QTOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Applied for the Quality Evaluation of Four Processed Panax ginseng Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Metabolite Profiling of Processed Ginseng Products by UPLC-QTOF/MS
2.2. Multivariate Analysis to Differentiate Four Processed Ginseng Products
2.3. Quantification of Various Ginsenosides from Four Processed ginseng Products
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Standard Constituents and Reagents
4.2. Processed Panax ginseng Samples
4.3. Sample Preparation
4.4. UPLC-QTOF/MS Conditions
4.5. Data Processing and Multivariate Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
UPLC | Ultra-performance liquid chromatography |
QTOF | Quadrupole time of flight |
ESI | Electrospray ionization |
MS | Mass spectrometry |
LOD | Limits of detection |
RT | Retention time |
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
No. | RT (min) | Ginsenosides | White Ginseng | Tae-Geuk Ginseng | Red Ginseng | Black Ginseng |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.57 | 20-O-Glucoginsenoside Rf (gRf) | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 0.17 ± 0.04 |
2 | 5.37 | Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 0.63 ± 0.05 |
3 | 5.63 | Ginsenoside Re (Re) | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 0.88 ± 0.09 |
4 | 11.21 | vinaginsenoside R4 (vR4) | 0.008 ± 0.004 | 0.01 ± 0.004 | 0.024 ± 0.004 | 0.012 ± 0.004 |
5 | 12.05 | Ginsenoside Rf (Rf) | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.78 ± 0.04 |
6 | 12.78 | Notoginsenoside R2 (nR2) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.1 |
7 | 13.17 | Notoginsenoside R4 (nR4) | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 0.45 ± 0.06 |
8 | 13.55 | Ginsenoside Rh1 (Rh1) | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
9 | 13.56 | 20(R)-Notoginsenoside R2 (nR2-R) | Not detected | Not detected | 0.01 ± 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.002 |
10 | 13.67 | Ginsenoside Rg2 (Rg2) | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.082 ± 0.006 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.06 |
11 | 14.03 | 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rg2 (Rg2-R) | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.01 ± 0.002 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.03 |
12 | 14.04 | 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh1 (Rh1-R) | Not detected | 0.018 ± 0.002 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.04 |
13 | 14.39 | Ginsenoside Ra2 (Ra2) | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 0.4 |
14 | 14.56 | Ginsenoside Ra3 (Ra3) | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.5 |
15 | 14.59 | Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 8.9 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.4 |
16 | 15.1 | Malonyl ginsenoside Rb1 (M-Rb1) | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | Not detected |
17 | 15.35 | Ginsenoside Rc (Rc) | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.3 |
18 | 15.55 | Ginsenoside Ra1 (Ra1) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 7.1 ± 1.5 |
19 | 15.6 | Ginsenoside Ro (Ro) | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
20 | 15.91 | Malonyl ginsenoside Rc (M-Rc) | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | Not detected |
21 | 16.31 | Ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 |
22 | 16.7 | Ginsenoside Rb3 (Rb3) | 0.19 ± 0.05 | Not detected | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.09 |
23 | 16.92 | Malonyl ginsenoside Rb2 (M-Rb2) | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.014 ± 0.002 | Not detected |
24 | 18.39 | Ginsenoside Rd (Rd) | 0.041 ± 0.005 | 0.01 ± 0.004 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
25 | 23.43 | Ginsenoside Rg4 (Rg4) | Not detected | Not detected | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.46 ± 0.05 |
26 | 23.54 | Compound O (CO) | 0.07 ± 0.03 | Not detected | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.05 |
27 | 23.92 | Ginsenoside Rk3 (Rk3) | Not detected | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.69 ± 0.07 |
28 | 24.3 | Ginsenoside F4 (F4) | Not detected | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 9.0 ± 1.1 |
29 | 24.69 | Ginsenoside Rh4 (Rh4) | Not detected | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 8.9 ± 0.7 |
30 | 25.26 | Ginsenoside F2 (F2) | 0.0020 ± 0.0001 | Not detected | 0.004 ± 0.002 | 0.016 ± 0.004 |
31 | 26.03 | Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.044 ± 0.004 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 1.10 ± 0.07 |
32 | 26.4 | Ginsenoisde Mc (Mc) | Not detected | Not detected | 0.01 ± 0.002 | 0.08 ± 0.02 |
33 | 26.56 | Compound Y (CY) | Not detected | Not detected | Not detected | 0.09 ± 0.02 |
34 | 27.38 | Compound K (CK) | Not detected | Not detected | Not detected | 0.004 ± 0.002 |
35 | 27.45 | Ginsenoside Rk1 (Rk1) | Not detected | 1.60 ± 0.04 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 14.6 ± 1.1 |
36 | 27.59 | Ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5) | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.41 ± 0.05 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 8.4 ± 0.6 |
37 | 27.73 | Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) | Not detected | Not detected | Not detected | 0.004 ± 0.002 |
38 | 29.13 | Ginsenoside Rk2 (Rk2) | Not detected | Not detected | Not detected | 0.012 ± 0.002 |
39 | 29.14 | Ginsenoside Rh3 (Rh3) | Not detected | Not detected | Not detected | 0.036 ± 0.006 |
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Lee, J.W.; Ji, S.-H.; Choi, B.-R.; Choi, D.J.; Lee, Y.-G.; Kim, H.-G.; Kim, G.-S.; Kim, K.; Lee, Y.-H.; Baek, N.-I.; et al. UPLC-QTOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Applied for the Quality Evaluation of Four Processed Panax ginseng Products. Molecules 2018, 23, 2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082062
Lee JW, Ji S-H, Choi B-R, Choi DJ, Lee Y-G, Kim H-G, Kim G-S, Kim K, Lee Y-H, Baek N-I, et al. UPLC-QTOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Applied for the Quality Evaluation of Four Processed Panax ginseng Products. Molecules. 2018; 23(8):2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082062
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jae Won, Seung-Heon Ji, Bo-Ram Choi, Doo Jin Choi, Yeong-Geun Lee, Hyoung-Geun Kim, Geum-Soog Kim, Kyuil Kim, Youn-Hyung Lee, Nam-In Baek, and et al. 2018. "UPLC-QTOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Applied for the Quality Evaluation of Four Processed Panax ginseng Products" Molecules 23, no. 8: 2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082062