Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Solvent Extraction of Papaya Seed Oil: Yield, Fatty Acid Composition and Triacylglycerol Profile
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Yield and Fatty Acid Composition of Differently Extracted Papaya Seed Oils
Oil Source | Oil content % | PUFA 1% | MUFA 2% | SFA 3% | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Papaya seed oil | 30–34 | 2.1–6.3 | 67.5–77.6 | 18.6–29.0 | Puangsri et al. [5]; Lee et al. [6] |
Olive oil 4 | 22–24 | 3.5–22.5 | 55.3–86.5 | 10.5–20.0 | Salvador et al. [14]; Codex [16] |
Grape seed oil | 8–15 | 50.0–83.0 | 13.7–36.5 | 5.8.0–23.5 | Passos et al. [15]; Shahidi [17] |
Orange seed oil | 32–35 | 43.5–45.0 | 26.0–27.0 | 28.0–29.0 | Shahidi [17]; Ajewole [18] |
Apple seed oil | 21–24 | 48.4–65.3 | 24.7–43.0 | 6.3–12.4 | Shahidi [17]; Tian et al. [19] |
Watermelon seed oil | 50 | 60.0 | 18.4 | 21.6 | Baboli and Kordi [20] |
Pumpkin seed oil | 42–45 | 55.6 | 20.8 | 23.5 | Shahidi [21]; Schinas et al. [22] |
Extraction | Fatty Acids | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14:0 | 16:0 | 16:1 | 18:0 | 18:1 | 18:2 | 18:3 | 20:0 | 20:1 | Others | |
SXE 1 | 0.21 ± 0.02 a | 14.9 ± 0.05 a | 0.27 ± 0.04 a | 5.21 ± 0.01 a | 74.2 ± 0.21 a | 3.50 ± 0.03 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.38 ± 0.01 a | 0.42 ± 0.03 a | 0.74 ± 0.02 a |
UAE 2 | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 15.1 ± 0.06 a | 0.27 ± 0.00 a | 5.12 ± 0.00 a | 74.2 ± 0.09 a | 3.54 ± 0.03 a | 0.15 ± 0.00 a | 0.37 ± 0.00 a | 0.40 ± 0.01 a | 0.57 ± 0.02 b |
SE 3 (3 h/25 °C) | 0.19 ± 0.00 a | 15.3 ± 0.06 a | 0.28 ± 0.00 a | 5.13 ± 0.00 a | 74.2 ± 0.06 a | 3.51 ± 0.02 a | 0.15 ± 0.00 a | 0.36 ± 0.01 a | 0.40 ± 0.01 a | 0.48 ± 0.03 c |
SE (3 h/50 °C) | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 15.2 ± 0.20 a | 0.28 ± 0.00 a | 5.23 ± 0.02 a | 74.4 ± 0.40 a | 3.61 ± 0.03 a | 0.15 ± 0.00 a | 0.41 ± 0.00 a | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 d |
SE (6 h/25 °C) | 0.20 ± 0.00 a | 15.3 ± 0.10 a | 0.30 ± 0.00 a | 5.00 ± 0.09 a | 74.6 ± 0.23 a | 3.60 ± 0.05 a | 0.16 ± 0.00 a | 0.41 ± 0.01 a | 0.41 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.0 e |
SE (6 h/50 °C) | 0.18 ± 0.02 a | 15.3 ± 0.14 a | 0.27 ± 0.01 a | 5.14 ± 0.04 a | 74.5 ± 0.23 a | 3.63 ± 0.03 a | 0.15 ± 0.00 a | 0.40 ± 0.00 a | 0.41 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.0 e |
SE (9 h/25 °C) | 0.20 ± 0.01 a | 15.1 ± 0.06 a | 0.31 ± 0.01 a | 5.12 ± 0.05 a | 74.4 ± 0.26 a | 3.59 ± 0.01 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.39 ± 0.03 a | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 0.31 ± 0.01 e |
SE (9 h/50 °C) | 0.20 ± 0.00 a | 15.4 ± 0.01 a | 0.30 ± 0.00 a | 5.25 ± 0.01 a | 74.2 ± 0.06 a | 3.63 ± 0.06 a | 0.16 ± 0.00 a | 0.41 ± 0.01 a | 0.41 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.0 e |
SE (12 h/25 °C) | 0.19 ± 0.00 a | 15.1 ± 0.10 a | 0.28 ± 0.00 a | 5.14 ± 0.02 a | 74.3 ± 0.03 a | 3.54 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.00 a | 0.37 ± 0.00 a | 0.40 ± 0.00 a | 0.53 ± 0.02 c |
SE (12 h/50 °C) | 0.18 ± 0.01 a | 15.2 ± 0.10 a | 0.28 ± 0.00 a | 5.21 ± 0.01 a | 74.5 ± 0.16 a | 3.59 ± 0.02 a | 0.15 ± 0.00 a | 0.40 ± 0.00 a | 0.41 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 f |
2.2. Triacylglycerol Profile of Differently Extracted Papaya Seed Oils
Triacylglycerol (TAG) | Papaya fruit varieties | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sekaki 1 | BatekBatu 2 | Tainoung 3 | |
OOL | 4.40 | 3.70 | 2.54 |
POL | 2.80 | 2.30 | 1.72 |
OOO | 41.3 | 44.6 | 43.8 |
POO + SOL | 27.7 | 30.5 | 33.8 |
PPO | 6.15 | 5.10 | 6.19 |
SOO | 9.70 | 9.80 | 8.37 |
POS | 3.15 | 3.80 | 2.41 |
Others | 4.8 | 0.2 | 1.17 |
Extraction | Triacylglycerol area% | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OOL | POL | OOO | POO + SOL | PPO | SOO | POS | Others | |
SXE 1 | 4.40 ± 0.14 a | 2.80 ± 0.14 a | 41.3 ± 1.84 a | 27.7 ± 1.84 a | 6.15 ± 0.21 a | 9.70 ± 0.42 a | 3.15 ± 0.10 a | 4.80 ± 0.23 a |
UAE 2 | 4.90 ± 0.30 a | 3.80 ± 0.30 c | 37.0 ± 0.00 b | 25.3 ± 0.42 b | 5.90 ± 0.21 a,b | 8.40 ± 0.14 b | 2.75 ± 0.10 c | 11.95 ± 0.50 b |
SE 3 (3 h/25 °C) | 4.35 ± 0.10 a | 2.75 ± 0.10 a | 42.2 ± 0.00 a | 29.0 ± 0.00 a | 6.40 ± 0.00 a | 10.0 ± 0.00 a | 3.25 ± 0.10 a | 2.05 ± 0.30 c |
SE (3 h/50 °C) | 4.35 ± 0.10 a | 2.70 ± 0.00 a | 42.0 ± 0.00 a | 28.8 ± 0.35 a | 6.25 ± 0.10 a | 10.0 ± 0.10 a | 3.30 ± 0.00 a | 2.60 ± 0.40 c |
SE (6 h/25 °C) | 4.45 ± 0.10 a | 2.90 ± 0.00 a | 41.0 ± 1.40 a | 27.2 ± 1.20 a,b | 5.60 ± 0.30 b | 10.0 ± 0.42 a | 3.35 ± 0.10 a,b | 5.5 ± 0.7 a |
SE (6 h/50 °C) | 4.10 ± 0.30 a | 2.45 ± 0.20 a,b | 41.7 ± 0.42 a | 28.2 ± 0.14 a | 6.20 ± 0.00 a | 10.0 ± 0.00 a | 3.40 ± 0.00 a | 3.95 ± 0.6 a |
SE (9 h/25 °C) | 4.25 ± 0.10 a | 2.80 ± 0.14 a | 41.0 ± 1.40 a | 27.7 ± 0.90 a | 5.75 ± 0.20 a,b | 9.80 ± 0.42 a | 3.20 ± 0.14 a | 5.5 ± 0.5 a |
SE (9 h/50 °C) | 4.00 ± 0.00 a | 2.40 ± 0.00 a,b | 42.3 ± 0.14 a | 28.2 ± 0.14 a | 6.20 ± 0.00 a | 10.0 ± 0.10 a | 3.30 ± 0.00 a | 3.6 ± 0.5 a |
SE (12 h/25 °C) | 4.25 ± 0.10 a | 2.80 ± 0.00 a | 42.4 ± 0.14 a | 28.3 ± 0.10 a | 6.10 ± 0.00 a | 10.0 ± 0.00 a | 3.35 ± 0.10 a | 2.8 ± 0.4 c |
SE (12 h/50 °C) | 3.65 ± 0.90 a | 2.60 ± 0.00 a | 42.15 ± 0.10 a | 28.6 ± 0.00 a | 6.25 ± 0.10 a | 10.0 ± 0.00 a | 3.30 ± 0.00 a | 3.45 ± 0.5 a |
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemicals and Materials
3.2. Sample Preparation
3.3. Solvent Extraction
3.4. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
3.5. Analytical Tests
3.5.1. Fatty Acid Composition (FAC)
3.5.2. Triacylglycerol (TAG) Profile
3.5.2.1. Qualitative Analysis of Triacylglycerol Composition of Papaya Seed Oil
3.5.2.2. Quantitative Analysis of Triacylglycerol Composition of Papaya Seed Oil
3.6. Statistical Design and Data Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samaram, S.; Mirhosseini, H.; Tan, C.P.; Ghazali, H.M. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Solvent Extraction of Papaya Seed Oil: Yield, Fatty Acid Composition and Triacylglycerol Profile. Molecules 2013, 18, 12474-12487. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012474
Samaram S, Mirhosseini H, Tan CP, Ghazali HM. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Solvent Extraction of Papaya Seed Oil: Yield, Fatty Acid Composition and Triacylglycerol Profile. Molecules. 2013; 18(10):12474-12487. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012474
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamaram, Shadi, Hamed Mirhosseini, Chin Ping Tan, and Hasanah Mohd Ghazali. 2013. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Solvent Extraction of Papaya Seed Oil: Yield, Fatty Acid Composition and Triacylglycerol Profile" Molecules 18, no. 10: 12474-12487. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012474