Association between Screen Viewing Duration and Sleep Duration, Sleep Quality, and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness among Adolescents in Hong Kong
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Sleep and Lifestyle
1.2. The Relationship between Lifestyle Pattern and Health
1.3. Sleep Outcome
1.4. Screen Viewing
1.5. Research Gap
1.6. Aim and Objectives
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Research Design
2.3. Procedure and Ethical Considerations
2.4. Measures
2.5. Data Analysis
Variables * | n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender (n = 753) | Male | 434 (57.6) | |
Female | 319 (42.4) | ||
Age (n = 746) | 12 | 38 (5.1) | |
13 | 93 (12.5) | ||
14 | 117 (15.7) | ||
15 | 146 (19.6) | ||
16 | 175 (23.5) | ||
17 | 104 (13.9) | ||
18 | 57 (7.6) | ||
19 | 13 (1.7) | ||
20 | 3 (0.4) | ||
Grade in school (n = 758) ** | Form 1 | 159 (21.0) | |
Form 2 | 165 (21.8) | ||
Form 3 | 172 (22.7) | ||
Form 4 | 128 (16.9) | ||
Form 5 | 134 (17.7) | ||
Monthly household income **,# # (n = 708) | Below HK$4000 | 62 (8.8) | |
HK$4000–14,999 | 432 (61.1) | ||
HK$15,000 + | 214 (30.2) | ||
Parental education level: Father (n = 607) | Primary or lower | 117 (19.2) | |
Secondary | 450 (74.2) | ||
Tertiary | 40 (6.6) | ||
Parental education level: Mother (n = 611) | Primary or lower | 144 (23.6) | |
Secondary | 436 (71.4) | ||
Tertiary | 31 (5.1) | ||
Perceived general health condition in the past 1 month (n = 727) | Very good | 134 (18.4) | |
Good | 323 (44.4) | ||
Fair | 226 (31.1) | ||
Poor | 44 (6.1) | ||
Experienced somatic pain in the past 1 month (n = 667) | Yes | 348 (55.2) | |
No | 283 (44.8) | ||
Other disease that required medical follow up (n = 754) | Yes | 41 (5.4) | |
No | 713 (94.6) |
3. Results
Age Group | Time (Hours/Night) * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
<8 h | ≥8 h | Mean ± SD | Median (Interquartile Range) | |
12–13 (n = 130) | 53 (40.8) | 77 (59.2) | 8.23 ± 2.50 | 8.23 (7.0–9.0) |
14–15 (n = 254) | 137 (53.9) | 117 (46.1) | 7.80 ± 1.61 | 7.86 (7.0–8.4) |
16–17 (n = 275) | 176 (64.0) | 99 (36.0) | 7.54 ± 1.31 | 7.57 (6.9–8.2) |
≥18 (n = 72) | 39 (54.2) | 33 (45.8) | 7.83 ± 1.18 | 7.82 (7.0–8.6) |
All (n = 745) | 414 (55.6) | 331 (44.4) | 7.74 ± 1.46 | 7.82 (7.0–8.5) |
Type of Screen Viewing Device | Count n (%) | Time (Hours/d) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (% ) | Median (Interquartile Range) | Mean ± SD | |||
Yes * | No | ||||
Television (n = 749) | 731 (97.6) | 18 (2.4) | 2.29 (1.29–3.64) | 2.84 ± 2.21 | |
Low (<1h) | 95 (12.7) | ||||
Medium (≥1–2 h) | 231 (30.8) | ||||
High (>2–3 h) | 171 (22.8) | ||||
Very high (>3–4 h) | 103 (13.8) | ||||
Extremely high (>4 h) | 149 (19.9) | ||||
Computer (n = 749) | 742 (99.1) | 7 (0.9) | 3.00 (1.64–4.57) | 3.44 ± 2.36 | |
Low (<2h) | 231 (30.8) | ||||
Medium (≥2–3 h) | 156 (20.8) | ||||
High (>3–4 h) | 123 (16.4) | ||||
Very high (>4 h) | 239 (31.9) | ||||
Mobile Phone (n = 754) | 647 (85.8) | 107 (14.2) | 1.00 (0.29–2.39) | 2.31 ± 3.74 | |
Low (<0.5 h) | 227 (30.1) | ||||
Medium (≥0.5–1 h) | 204 (27.1) | ||||
High (>1–2 h) | 109 (14.5) | ||||
Very high (>2 h) | 214 (28.4) | ||||
Portable video device (n = 752) | 373 (49.6) | 379 (50.4) | 0.00 (0–1.17) | 1.05 ± 2.30 | |
None (0 h) | 379 (50.4) | ||||
Low (>0–1 h) | 176 (23.4) | ||||
High (>1 h) | 197 (26.2) |
Screen Viewing Variables | Daily Average Sleep Duration (Hours) | Total SQI Score | Total ESS Score |
---|---|---|---|
Daily self-reported television viewing duration (Hours) | 0.050 | 0.047 | 0.038 |
Daily self-reported computer viewing duration (Hours) | −0.020 | 0.051 | 0.101 ** |
Daily self-reported mobile phone viewing duration (Hours) | −0.074 * | 0.085 * | 0.145 *** |
Daily self-reported portable video device viewing duration (Hours) | −0.076 * | 0.069 | 0.049 |
Total self-reported screen viewing duration (Hours) | −0.005 | 0.018 | 0.087 * |
Total calculated screen viewing duration (Hours) | −0.038 | 0.126 *** | 0.137 *** |
Model Number † | Dependent Variable | Screen Viewing Predictors | B | 95%CI | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 # | Daily Average Sleep Duration | - | - | - | - |
2 ## | Total SQI Score | Self-reported mobile phone viewing duration | 0.101 | (0.033,0.170) | 0.004 ** |
3 ### | Total ESS Score | Self-reported mobile phone viewing duration | 0.117 | (0.015,0.219) | 0.024 * |
4. Discussion
4.1. Sleep Outcomes
4.2. Screen Viewing
4.3. Association Between Screen Viewing and Sleep Outcomes: Television
4.4. Association between Screen Viewing and Sleep Outcomes: Computer
4.5. Association between Screen Viewing and Sleep Outcomes: Mobile Phone
4.6. Association between Screen Viewing and Sleep Outcomes: Portable Video Devices
4.7. Multiple Screen Viewing
5. Study Strengths and Limitations
6. Implications
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Share and Cite
Mak, Y.W.; Wu, C.S.T.; Hui, D.W.S.; Lam, S.P.; Tse, H.Y.; Yu, W.Y.; Wong, H.T. Association between Screen Viewing Duration and Sleep Duration, Sleep Quality, and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness among Adolescents in Hong Kong. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 11201-11219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111201
Mak YW, Wu CST, Hui DWS, Lam SP, Tse HY, Yu WY, Wong HT. Association between Screen Viewing Duration and Sleep Duration, Sleep Quality, and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness among Adolescents in Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(11):11201-11219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111201
Chicago/Turabian StyleMak, Yim Wah, Cynthia Sau Ting Wu, Donna Wing Shun Hui, Siu Ping Lam, Hei Yin Tse, Wing Yan Yu, and Ho Ting Wong. 2014. "Association between Screen Viewing Duration and Sleep Duration, Sleep Quality, and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness among Adolescents in Hong Kong" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 11: 11201-11219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111201