Journal Description
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal on materials for biomedical use and is published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, Ei Compendex, Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Engineering, Biomedical) / CiteScore - Q2 (Biomedical Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
5.0 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.5 (2023)
Latest Articles
Bioinspired Soft Machines: Engineering Nature’s Grace into Future Innovations
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(5), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16050158 - 28 Apr 2025
Abstract
This article explores the transformative advances in soft machines, where biology, materials science, and engineering have converged. We discuss the remarkable adaptability and versatility of soft machines, whose designs draw inspiration from nature’s elegant solutions. From the intricate movements of octopus tentacles to
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This article explores the transformative advances in soft machines, where biology, materials science, and engineering have converged. We discuss the remarkable adaptability and versatility of soft machines, whose designs draw inspiration from nature’s elegant solutions. From the intricate movements of octopus tentacles to the resilience of an elephant’s trunk, nature provides a wealth of inspiration for designing robots capable of navigating complex environments with grace and efficiency. Central to this advancement is the ongoing research into bioinspired materials, which serve as the building blocks for creating soft machines with lifelike behaviors and adaptive capabilities. By fostering collaboration and innovation, we can unlock new possibilities in soft machines, shaping a future where robots seamlessly integrate into and interact with the natural world, offering solutions to humanity’s most pressing challenges.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of JFB—Bioinspired Materials for Medical Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Combined Effects of Dual-Scale Modified Surface with Micro- and Nanostructures on the Cellular Biocompatibility, Osteoinduction, and Antibacterial Properties of Titanium Implants
by
Shaheer Maher, Nenad L. Ignjatović, Miloš Lazarević, Sanja Petrović, Andrijana Žekić and Dusan Losic
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(5), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16050157 - 28 Apr 2025
Abstract
Titanium implants are widely used in biomedical applications due to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, implant-associated bacterial infections and suboptimal osseointegration remain significant challenges. Recent studies have demonstrated that the interplay between micro- and nanostructures can enhance both biocompatibility and antibacterial
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Titanium implants are widely used in biomedical applications due to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, implant-associated bacterial infections and suboptimal osseointegration remain significant challenges. Recent studies have demonstrated that the interplay between micro- and nanostructures can enhance both biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. This study explores the synergistic effects of hierarchical and dual surface topography on Ti surfaces with micro- and nanostructures to demonstrate their ability to promote cellular biocompatibility and osteoinduction while simultaneously inhibiting bacterial colonization. The combination of selective laser melting (SLM) to create micro-structured surfaces and hydrothermal processes is used to generate distinctive nanopillar structures. By integrating nanoscale features that mimic the extracellular matrix with microscale topographies that influence cellular responses, we achieve a balance between enhanced osseointegration and antimicrobial performance. The physicochemical properties of these dual-scale topographies are characterized through cellular assays using dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), demonstrating sustained support for long-term cell viability (above 78% in MTT and NR assays (p < 0.05), low levels of LDH release, and high levels of cellular migration) and osteoinduction (statistically significant (p < 0.0001) ALP activity increase and higher levels of calcified matrix deposition, upregulation of ALP and OCN genes compared with smooth surface topographies). Their antibacterial properties against S. aureus and E. coli showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. Our findings highlight the potential of multi-scale surface modifications as a promising strategy for next-generation titanium implants, paving the way for improved clinical outcomes in orthopedic and dental applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration)
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Open AccessArticle
The Influence of Thermocycling and Ultraviolet Aging on Surface Characteristics and the Repair Bond Strength of CAD/CAM Resin Nanoceramics
by
Beyza Unalan Degirmenci, Alperen Degirmenci and Zelal Seyfioglu Polat
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(5), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16050156 - 28 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background: The durability of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin nanoceramics in the oral environment is influenced by aging factors such as thermocycling and ultraviolet (UV) exposure. This study investigates the impact of these aging processes on surface characteristics and repair bond strength. Methods:
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Background: The durability of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin nanoceramics in the oral environment is influenced by aging factors such as thermocycling and ultraviolet (UV) exposure. This study investigates the impact of these aging processes on surface characteristics and repair bond strength. Methods: CAD/CAM resin nanoceramic samples were divided into the following five groups: control (non-aged), 1-year and 5-year thermocycling, and 1-year and 5-year UV aging (n = 12). For the thermocycling procedure, the parameters employed were a temperature range of 5–55 °C with dwell times of 20 s per bath and 10,000 and 50,000 cycles; for the ultraviolet aging process, the parameters were established at a wavelength of 340 nm, an intensity of 0.55 W/m², and durations of 300 h and 1500 h. Surface roughness, microhardness, and repair bond strength were analyzed through profilometry, Vickers microhardness testing, and shear bond strength assessment, respectively. SEM, AFM, and XRD analyses were performed for structural evaluation. Results: Both thermocycling and UV aging significantly increased surface roughness (p < 0.001) while reducing microhardness and repair bond strength (p < 0.001). UV aging had a more pronounced effect, particularly after five years, leading to the highest surface roughness (Ra: 61.77 μm; Rz: 271.57 μm) and lowest microhardness properties (63.13). EDAX analysis indicated matrix degradation and an increase in inorganic filler exposure. Conclusions: Aging significantly affects the surface characteristics of CAD/CAM resin nanoceramics, with UV aging exhibiting the most detrimental impact. These findings highlight the necessity of considering long-term material stability in dentistry.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Applied in Dental Sciences)
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Open AccessArticle
Correlation Between Polymerization Shrinkage and Filler Content for Universal Shade Flowable Resin-Based Composites
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Nagisa Matsui, Mayumi Maesako, Ahmad Alkhazaleh, Masao Irie and Akimasa Tsujimoto
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(5), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16050155 - 28 Apr 2025
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure the filler content by weight and volume of universal shade flowable resin-based composites and analyze the correlation between polymerization shrinkage and filler content. The filler content by weight of six universal shade flowalble resin-based composites
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The purpose of this study was to measure the filler content by weight and volume of universal shade flowable resin-based composites and analyze the correlation between polymerization shrinkage and filler content. The filler content by weight of six universal shade flowalble resin-based composites (Bulk Base Hard II Medium Flow, A-Uno Flow Basic, Clearfil Majesty ES Flow Low, Gracefill Low Flow, Omnichroma Flow, Omnichroma Flow Bulk) was measured in accordance with ISO 17304. The filler content by volume of each flowable resin-based composite was determined by measuring the density of the filler using a dry density meter, and the filler content by volume of the composite was calculated from the densities obtained. The correlations between filler content by weight or volume, polymerization shrinkage and filler content by weight ratio, and polymerization shrinkage and filler content by volume were analyzed. The filler content of the universal flowable resin-based composites ranged from 59.40 to 69.81% (by weight) and from 40.61 to 54.84% (by volume), and the correlations between the values for filler content of the composites by weight and volume were weakly negative and not statistically significant. The correlations between polymerization shrinkage (3.15–4.48%) and filler content by weight or volume were also not statistically significant.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic, Zirconia, and Resin-Based Composite for Restorative Dentistry)
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Open AccessEditorial
Functional Biomaterials: Scaffolds for Innovative Treatments
by
Cristian Scheau, Andreea Cristiana Didilescu and Constantin Caruntu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(5), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16050154 - 27 Apr 2025
Abstract
Numerous therapies for a multitude of pathologies have reached their limits [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))
Open AccessReview
Peripheral Nerve Protection Strategies: Recent Advances and Potential Clinical Applications
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Weronika Radecka, Wiktoria Nogalska and Maria Siemionow
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(5), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16050153 - 24 Apr 2025
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are a significant clinical challenge, often resulting in persistent sensory and motor deficits despite surgical repair. Autologous nerve grafts remain the gold standard for repair; however, outcomes are frequently suboptimal due to donor site morbidity and inconsistent functional recovery.
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Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are a significant clinical challenge, often resulting in persistent sensory and motor deficits despite surgical repair. Autologous nerve grafts remain the gold standard for repair; however, outcomes are frequently suboptimal due to donor site morbidity and inconsistent functional recovery. A major obstacle in nerve regeneration is the formation of postoperative adhesions and fibrosis, which impede healing and necessitate revision surgeries. Nerve protectors from biological, synthetic, and hybrid materials offer a promising tissue engineering strategy to enhance nerve regeneration. These protectors are applied as a protective barrier when a nerve is severed without the gap, allowing for direct repair. They provide mechanical support and reduce scarring. Biocompatible biological wraps, including vascularized fat flaps, vein wraps, collagen-based materials, human amniotic membrane (hAM), porcine small intestinal submucosa (PSIS), and chitosan, modulate immune responses and promote vascularization. Synthetic alternatives, like polycaprolactone (PCL), provide mechanical stability with controlled degradation. Hybrid wraps, such as PCL-amnion, combine the benefits of both. Despite optimistic results, the heterogeneity of study methodologies hinders direct comparisons and standardization. This review highlights the latest developments in nerve wraps, their clinical applications, limitations, and future potential, guiding clinicians in selecting the most appropriate materials for peripheral nerve repair.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of JFB—Functional Biomaterials: Bioactive Properties and Medical Applications)
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Open AccessReview
Injectable Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Myocardial Regeneration: A Review of the Literature
by
Marissa Guo, Tatsuya Watanabe and Toshiharu Shinoka
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(5), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16050152 - 23 Apr 2025
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies are an emerging treatment modality aimed at replenishing lost cardiomyocytes and improving myocardial function after cardiac injury. This review examines the current state of research on injectable stem cell therapies in the setting of cardiovascular disease given their relative simplicity
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Stem cell-based therapies are an emerging treatment modality aimed at replenishing lost cardiomyocytes and improving myocardial function after cardiac injury. This review examines the current state of research on injectable stem cell therapies in the setting of cardiovascular disease given their relative simplicity and ability for deep myocardial tissue penetration. Various methods of cell delivery, ranging in level of invasiveness and procedural complexity, have been developed, and numerous cell types have been studied as potential sources of stem cells, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages. We discuss key challenges associated with this approach, including low stem cell retention after transplantation and the innovative biomolecular strategies that have been explored to address this issue. Overall, investigations into the application of stem cells toward cardiac regeneration remain predominantly in the preclinical stage with a number of small, early-phase clinical trials. However, continued scientific advancements in stem cell technology may provide transformative treatment options for patients with heart failure, offering improved survival and quality of life.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering: Current Status and Advances)
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Open AccessReview
Recent Trends in the Application of Cellulose-Based Hemostatic and Wound Healing Dressings
by
Clemence Futila Bukatuka, Bricard Mbituyimana, Lin Xiao, Abeer Ahmed Qaed Ahmed, Fuyu Qi, Manjilla Adhikari, Zhijun Shi and Guang Yang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(5), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16050151 - 23 Apr 2025
Abstract
Rapid hemostasis and wound healing are crucial severe trauma treatment. Natural mechanisms often prove insufficient, spurring research for innovative biomaterials. This review focuses on cellulose-based materials, which are promising due to their absorbency, biocompatibility, and processability. The novelty lies in exploring how these
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Rapid hemostasis and wound healing are crucial severe trauma treatment. Natural mechanisms often prove insufficient, spurring research for innovative biomaterials. This review focuses on cellulose-based materials, which are promising due to their absorbency, biocompatibility, and processability. The novelty lies in exploring how these materials promote clotting and tissue regeneration. They operate via extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms. Extrinsically, they create a matrix at the wound to activate coagulation; intrinsically, they maintain clotting factors. Additionally, they aid healing through physical, chemical, and biological means, such as maintaining moisture, incorporating antimicrobial agents, and stimulating cell activity. The innovative fabrication strategies include material selection and chemical modification. Techniques like oxidation enhance performance. Structural engineering methods like freeze-drying and 3D printing optimize porosity and alignment. Cellulose-based dressings are versatile and effective in various forms. They address different wound needs and show benefits like rapid coagulation and tissue repair. This review also covers challenges and future trends, emphasizing the need to enhance mechanical properties and biodegradability. Further, new technologies offer potential improvements to the nanocomposites. Overall, continued research on cellulose-based dressing is vital, and unlocking their potential could revolutionize wound care, providing suitable solutions for trauma management.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Studies on Biomaterials for Tissue Repair and Regeneration)
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Open AccessArticle
Anti-Aging Effects and Mechanisms of Cod Collagen Peptides (CCPs) in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Jiale Wei, Junjie Zhang, Nan Ding, Yu Liu, Yuzhen Wu and Rui Duan
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(5), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16050150 - 23 Apr 2025
Abstract
Given the growing interest in natural compounds for promoting healthy aging, this study aimed to investigate the potential of cod collagen peptides (CCPs), a readily available marine resource, to extend lifespan and improve health. Lifespan assays were performed on C. elegans treated with
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Given the growing interest in natural compounds for promoting healthy aging, this study aimed to investigate the potential of cod collagen peptides (CCPs), a readily available marine resource, to extend lifespan and improve health. Lifespan assays were performed on C. elegans treated with different concentrations of CCPs. Furthermore, various stress resistance assays, including those evaluating oxidative and thermal stress, were conducted. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, gene expression analysis of key aging-related genes was performed. The results demonstrated that treatment with 25 mg/mL of CCPs extended the lifespan of C. elegans by 13.2%, increased body length and width by 14.8% and 20.6%, respectively, and enhanced head-swing and body-bending frequencies by 66.9% and 80.4%. Lipofuscin content and apoptosis were reduced by 45.9% and 34.1%, respectively. C. elegans treated with 25 mg/mL of CCPs also showed improved stress resistance, a 90.7% increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, and a 147.4% increase in glutathione (GSH) content. Transcriptomic analysis showed that CCPs enhanced anti-aging activity by activating the MAPK pathway and inhibiting the IIS pathway, which was associated with protein aggregation. It also reduced lipid synthesis and regulated lipid metabolism through the fat-6 pathway. The results indicated that CCPs could be employed as a valuable ingredient in the food and pharmaceutical fields.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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Open AccessReview
Advances in Synthetic Polymer Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration in Dental Implants: A Scoping Review
by
Belén Lima-Sánchez, María Baus-Domínguez, María-Angeles Serrera-Figallo and Daniel Torres-Lagares
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(5), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16050149 - 22 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background: Different approaches are proposed for bone volume gain in the case of atrophic alveolar ridges, with guided bone regeneration (GBR) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) being the most used techniques. These techniques require the placement of barrier membranes, which is the main
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Background: Different approaches are proposed for bone volume gain in the case of atrophic alveolar ridges, with guided bone regeneration (GBR) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) being the most used techniques. These techniques require the placement of barrier membranes, which is the main element of the bone growth strategy, among which there is a wide range depending on their origin or degradation. This literature review aims to provide an update on the latest advances in polymeric membranes of synthetic origin currently used in bone regeneration. Materials and Methods: Two bibliographic searches were carried out in the PubMed (MEDLINE) and Scopus databases using a search strategy in which inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Results: For the selection of articles, the PRISMA guide flow chart was followed, and after a selection process, 11 articles were analyzed based on the characteristics of the marketed membranes and the results obtained after their use. Conclusions: It can be concluded that polymeric membranes play a fundamental role in guided bone regeneration, providing an effective barrier that facilitates bone growth and improves the success of dental implantology treatments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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Open AccessReview
Sorafenib—Drug Delivery Strategies in Primary Liver Cancer
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Piotr Szyk, Beata Czarczynska-Goslinska, Marta Ziegler-Borowska, Igor Larrosa and Tomasz Goslinski
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040148 - 21 Apr 2025
Abstract
Current primary liver cancer therapies, including sorafenib and transarterial chemoembolization, face significant limitations due to chemoresistance caused by impaired drug uptake, altered metabolism, and other genetic modulations. These challenges contribute to relapse rates of 50–80% within five years. The need for improved treatment
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Current primary liver cancer therapies, including sorafenib and transarterial chemoembolization, face significant limitations due to chemoresistance caused by impaired drug uptake, altered metabolism, and other genetic modulations. These challenges contribute to relapse rates of 50–80% within five years. The need for improved treatment strategies (adjuvant therapy, unsatisfactory enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect) has driven research into advanced drug delivery systems, including targeted nanoparticles, biomaterials, and combinatory approaches. Therefore, this review evaluates recent advancements in primary liver cancer pharmacotherapy, focusing on the potential of drug delivery systems for sorafenib and its derivatives. Approaches such as leveraging Kupffer cells for tumor migration or utilizing smaller NPs for inter-/intracellular delivery, address EPR limitations. Biomaterials and targeted therapies focusing on targeting have demonstrated effectiveness in increasing tumor-specific delivery, but clinical evidence remains limited. Combination therapies have emerged as an interesting solution to overcoming chemoresistance or to broadening therapeutic functionality. Biomimetic delivery systems, employing blood cells or exosomes, provide methods for targeting tumors, preventing metastasis, and strengthening immune responses. However, significant differences between preclinical models and human physiology remain a barrier to translating these findings into clinical success. Future research must focus on the development of adjuvant therapy and refining drug delivery systems to overcome the limitations of tumor heterogeneity and low drug accumulation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of JFB—Advanced Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)
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Open AccessArticle
MicroRNA-210 Enhances Cell Survival and Paracrine Potential for Cardiac Cell Therapy While Targeting Mitophagy
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Rita Alonaizan, Ujang Purnama, Sophia Malandraki-Miller, Mala Gunadasa-Rohling, Andrew Lewis, Nicola Smart and Carolyn Carr
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040147 - 21 Apr 2025
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of presumed cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in heart regeneration has garnered significant interest, yet clinical trials have revealed limited efficacy due to challenges in cell survival, retention, and expansion. Priming CPCs to survive the hostile hypoxic environment may be key
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The therapeutic potential of presumed cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in heart regeneration has garnered significant interest, yet clinical trials have revealed limited efficacy due to challenges in cell survival, retention, and expansion. Priming CPCs to survive the hostile hypoxic environment may be key to enhancing their regenerative capacity. We demonstrate that microRNA-210 (miR-210), known for its role in hypoxic adaptation, significantly improves CPC survival by inhibiting apoptosis through the downregulation of Casp8ap2, a ~40% reduction in caspase activity, and a ~90% decrease in DNA fragmentation. Contrary to the expected induction of Bnip3-dependent mitophagy by hypoxia, miR-210 did not upregulate Bnip3, indicating a distinct anti-apoptotic mechanism. Instead, miR-210 reduced markers of mitophagy and increased mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism, suggesting a role in metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, miR-210 enhanced the secretion of paracrine growth factors from CPCs, with a ~1.6-fold increase in the release of stem cell factor and of insulin growth factor 1, which promoted in vitro endothelial cell proliferation and cardiomyocyte survival. These findings elucidate the multifaceted role of miR-210 in CPC biology and its potential to enhance cell-based therapies for myocardial repair by promoting cell survival, metabolic adaptation, and paracrine signalling.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering: Current Status and Advances)
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Open AccessArticle
Bone Regeneration in Defects Created on Rat Calvaria Grafted with Porcine Xenograft and Synthetic Hydroxyapatite Reinforced with Titanium Particles—A Microscopic and Histological Study
by
Antonia Samia Khaddour, Emma Cristina Drăghici, Mihaela Ionescu, Cristina Elena Andrei, Răzvan Eugen Ghiţă, Răzvan Mercuţ, Oana Gîngu, Gabriela Sima, Lavinia Toma Tumbar and Sanda Mihaela Popescu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040146 - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
(1) Background: Alveolar bone regeneration in dentistry has become important with the evolution of implantology. Biomaterials used for bone grafting are increasingly used to provide resistant bone support that is favorable for the insertion of dental implants. The aim of the study was
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(1) Background: Alveolar bone regeneration in dentistry has become important with the evolution of implantology. Biomaterials used for bone grafting are increasingly used to provide resistant bone support that is favorable for the insertion of dental implants. The aim of the study was to analyze the degree of biocompatibility and bone neoformation of two biomaterials compared to natural healing. (2) Methods: Bone defects of 3 mm diameter were created in the calvaria of 15 adult male Wistar rats. Three groups were created: group A, in which natural healing was achieved; group B, in which porcine xenograft was added; and group C, in which experimental synthetic bone based on hydroxyapatite reinforced with titanium particles was added. Samples were collected at 2 and 4 months postoperatively and analyzed microscopically and histologically. (3) Results: Data were obtained on the healing pattern of the created cavities, as well as the degree of their filling with newly formed bone tissue. Following the results obtained from the stereomicroscope analysis and histological analysis, statistically significant differences were observed between the two biomaterials regarding the time required for the transformation process of the graft particles into bone. Thus, the porcine xenograft was incorporated more quickly into the native bone, while the synthetic bone required a longer period of time. (4) Conclusions: The bone graft materials used acted as scaffolds for the newly formed bone, but each biomaterial required a different amount of time for the particles to be incorporated into the native bone.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Bioengineering in Dentistry (2nd Edition))
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin Plus (A-PRF+) as an Additive to Hard Tissue Managing Protocols in Oral Surgery: A Systematic Review
by
Marek Chmielewski, Andrea Pilloni and Paulina Adamska
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040145 - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background: Advanced platelet-rich fibrin + (A-PRF+) represents a third generation of autologous platelet derivatives. Appropriate centrifugation conditions cause the formation of a clot containing platelets, which slowly release growth factors that influence healing. The objective of this article was to undertake a review
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Background: Advanced platelet-rich fibrin + (A-PRF+) represents a third generation of autologous platelet derivatives. Appropriate centrifugation conditions cause the formation of a clot containing platelets, which slowly release growth factors that influence healing. The objective of this article was to undertake a review of the available literature on the effectiveness of A-PRF+ use in hard tissue procedures. Materials and methods: In order to ensure the most accurate and relevant results, only randomized clinical trials regarding bone regeneration techniques/bone healing that compared the effect of the A-PRF+ addition in dentistry were included in this study. Articles taken into consideration for the review were published between the beginning of 2014 and 31 December 2024. The search of manuscripts for the review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. For this study, 10 articles focusing on A-PRF+ were qualified. Results: A-PRF+ was found to increase the post-surgical vertical and horizontal alveolar ridge dimensions. The bone formed in the surgical site presented a higher volume of vital and non-vital bone and a more optimal bone composition, at the same time providing a lower percentage of connective tissue inclusions. When combined with other grafting biomaterials, A-PRF+ enhanced their performance and integration. A-PRF+ did not have any significant effect on the mineral bone density compared with other grafting materials. Compared with PRF and other blood derived plasmas rich in growth factors, the performance of A-PRF+ was generally better, but often with no statistical significance. The treatment of periodontal defects measured by the reduction in pocket depth and clinical attachment level also fared better with the A-PRF+ addition, although there was no differences noted between A-PRF+ and biphasic calcium phosphate and xenograft. Finally, the A-PRF+ addition improved the primary implant stability in the evaluated studies. Conclusions: The A-PRF+ addition to the surgical protocols significantly enhanced the healing of the bone and when combined with biomaterials improved their integration and increased the implant insertion torque, improving the primary and secondary stability. It may be a viable alternative for patients that express their concern towards human- and animal-derived biomaterials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials for Regenerative Dentistry)
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Open AccessReview
A Review of Past Research and Some Future Perspectives Regarding Titanium Alloys in Biomedical Applications
by
Alex-Barna Kacsó and Ildiko Peter
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040144 - 18 Apr 2025
Abstract
This review paper provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current advancements in investigations of different titanium-based alloys, including pure titanium, commercially available Ti6Al4V, and modified alloys, such as Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe alloys, for biomedical applications. Several researchers have explored the effects of alloying elements and
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This review paper provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current advancements in investigations of different titanium-based alloys, including pure titanium, commercially available Ti6Al4V, and modified alloys, such as Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe alloys, for biomedical applications. Several researchers have explored the effects of alloying elements and processing techniques on enhancing the mechanical, chemical, and biological properties of these materials. Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe alloys are of particular interest due to their potential to address critical requirements in medical applications, including reduced Young’s modulus, superior corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical strength. Despite substantial progress, the detailed mechanisms for optimizing these properties remain underexplored in the current literature. The main objective of the present review paper is to emphasize the importance of ongoing investigations aimed at overcoming challenges such as biocompatibility concerns, fatigue resistance, and wear under biological conditions. By critically analyzing existing data, this study highlights gaps in knowledge and identifies opportunities for advancing research on these alloys. Specifically, this review paper highlights the need for targeted studies to reduce the Young’s modulus and improve other critical characteristics of Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe alloys to better meet the demands of orthopedic implants, dental prosthetics, and cardiovascular devices. Even if the current scientific literature is ample on this topic, we consider that through this review we can positively contribute to the collective effort in this field trying to fill some gaps, including some updates on the topic, time frames, advantages, and limitations, and pave the way for further advancements that could revolutionize biomedical implant technology. The review encompasses studies performed over the last 5 decades, specifically from 1975 to 2025, to ensure the inclusion of the most relevant and up-to-date research. This approach aims to highlight the significant progress made while situating the findings within the broader context of ongoing investigations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Finite Element Simulation of Biomechanical Effects on Periodontal Ligaments During Maxillary Arch Expansion with Thermoformed Aligners
by
Gustavo A. Rojas, Jose Isidro García-Melo and Juan S. Aristizábal
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040143 - 17 Apr 2025
Abstract
Purpose: This paper investigates the biomechanical effect of thermoformed aligners equipped with complementary biomechanical attachments (CBAs) on periodontal ligaments (PDLs) during the expansion process of the maxillary arch. The analysis was conducted using advanced simulations based on the finite element method (FEM). Methods:
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Purpose: This paper investigates the biomechanical effect of thermoformed aligners equipped with complementary biomechanical attachments (CBAs) on periodontal ligaments (PDLs) during the expansion process of the maxillary arch. The analysis was conducted using advanced simulations based on the finite element method (FEM). Methods: High-resolution 3D CAD models were created for four tooth types: canine, first premolar, second premolar, and first molar. Additional 3D models were developed for aligners, CBAs, and PDLs. These were integrated into a comprehensive FEM model to simulate clinical rehabilitation scenarios. Validation was achieved through comparative analysis with empirical medical data. Results: The FEM simulations revealed the following: for canine, the displacement was 0.134 mm with a maximum stress of 4.822 KPa in the amelocemental junction. For the first premolar, the displacement was 0.132 mm at a maximum stress of 3.273 KPa in the amelocemental junction. The second premolar had a displacement of 0.129 mm and a stress of 1.358 KPa at 1 mm from the amelocemental junction; and first molar had a displacement of 0.124 mm and a maximum stress of 2.440 KPa. Conclusions: The inclusion of CBAs significantly reduced tooth tipping during maxillary arch expansion. Among the models tested, the vestibular CBA demonstrated superior performance, delivering optimal tooth movement when combined with thermoformed aligners. Significance: FEM techniques provide a robust and cost-effective alternative to in vivo experimentation, offering precise and reliable insights into the biomechanical efficacy of CBAs in thermoformed aligners. This approach minimizes experimental variability and accelerates the evaluation of innovative orthodontic configurations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Osteoconductivity of Zirconia Implants with One-Step Femtosecond Laser Treatment Through Morphological and Chemical Modifications
by
Yuqi Li, Yanzhe Fu, Nan Li, Guanqi Liu, Jiebo Li, Jiao Wen and Jianmin Han
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040142 - 15 Apr 2025
Abstract
Improving surface bioactivity is crucial to acquiring zirconia implants with ideal osteoconductivity. In this work, we enhanced the surface properties of zirconia implants, specifically roughness, hydrophilicity, and osteoconductivity, using a “one-step” femtosecond laser (FSL) treatment in air, deionized water, and sodium hydroxide solution.
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Improving surface bioactivity is crucial to acquiring zirconia implants with ideal osteoconductivity. In this work, we enhanced the surface properties of zirconia implants, specifically roughness, hydrophilicity, and osteoconductivity, using a “one-step” femtosecond laser (FSL) treatment in air, deionized water, and sodium hydroxide solution. Zirconia specimens were treated in these media, and their surface morphology, chemical composition, and osteoconductivity were evaluated through various assays. The results showed that FSL treatment successfully created micro/nanoporous structures and increased roughness across all specimens. The liquid media treatment facilitated the grafting of hydroxyl (-OH) groups, significantly improving hydrophilicity. The L-NaOH group exhibited a higher hydroxyl content (28%) compared to the L-Air group (10%), reducing the contact angle significantly. Enhanced osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, along with improved gene expression, were observed in the L-Water and L-NaOH groups. In conclusion, the one-step FSL treatment developed a dual-function bioactive zirconia surface, offering an effective method for the biomedical functionalization of zirconia implants.
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(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
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Open AccessArticle
Impact of Vitamin D3 Functionalization on the Osteogenic Capacity of Bioinspired 3D Scaffolds Based on Ce-Doped Bioactive Glass and Spongia Agaricina
by
Ana-Maria Seciu-Grama, Sorana Elena Lazăr, Simona Petrescu, Oana Cătălina Mocioiu, Oana Crăciunescu and Irina Atkinson
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040141 - 14 Apr 2025
Abstract
Reconstruction of extensive bone defects due to age, trauma, or post-illness conditions remains challenging. Biomimetic scaffolds with osteogenic capabilities have been proposed as an alternative to the classical autograft and allograft implants. Three-dimensional scaffolds were obtained based on Ce-doped mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG)
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Reconstruction of extensive bone defects due to age, trauma, or post-illness conditions remains challenging. Biomimetic scaffolds with osteogenic capabilities have been proposed as an alternative to the classical autograft and allograft implants. Three-dimensional scaffolds were obtained based on Ce-doped mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) and Spongia agaricina (SA) as sacrificial templates functionalized with vitamin D3. The study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D3 functionalization on the optimal variant of a 3D scaffold doped with 3 mol% ceria, selected in our previous work based on its biological and physicochemical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the non-functionalized/functionalized scaffolds revealed a porous structure with interconnected pores ranging from 100 to 350 μm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and SEM analysis confirmed the surface functionalization. Cytotoxicity evaluation showed that all investigated scaffolds do not exhibit cytotoxicity and genotoxicity toward the Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell line. Moreover, the study demonstrated that functionalization with vitamin D3 enhanced osteogenic activity in dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) by increasing calcium deposition and osteocalcin secretion, as determined by Alizarin red stain and a colorimetric ELISA kit, as a result of its synergistic action with cerium ions. The results showed that the Ce-doped MBG scaffold functionalized with vitamin D3 had the potential for applications in bone regeneration.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration)
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Open AccessArticle
Surface Micromorphology of Experimental Composites Doped with Bioactive Glass After Different Storage Times
by
Leonardo Svellenti, Moritz Tanner, Andrea Gubler, Matej Par, Thomas Attin, Phoebe Burrer and Tobias T. Tauböck
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040140 - 14 Apr 2025
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the surface micromorphology of bioactive glass-modified resin composite materials after storage in simulated body fluid for different periods of time and ultrasonic cleaning. Materials and methods: A resin composite material (Heliomolar Flow, Ivoclar Vivadent) was modified by incorporating 10 or
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Objective: To evaluate the surface micromorphology of bioactive glass-modified resin composite materials after storage in simulated body fluid for different periods of time and ultrasonic cleaning. Materials and methods: A resin composite material (Heliomolar Flow, Ivoclar Vivadent) was modified by incorporating 10 or 20 wt% of bioactive glass 45S5. The unmodified conventional composite (0 wt% bioactive glass) served as the control. Surface morphology of light-cured composite specimens was examined by profilometry both before and after storage in simulated body fluid (SBF; pH = 7.4, t = 37 °C) for 0, 3, 7, or 30 days, and surface roughness (Ra) was recorded. After storage, ultrasonic cleaning (UC) of the specimens was performed for 10 min in an ultrasonic bath filled with deionized water, and the profilometric measurements were subsequently repeated. In addition, the surfaces of specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Directly after specimen preparation, the Ra values of the composites modified with bioactive glass were similar to those of the conventional composite (0 wt% bioactive glass). A longer immersion in SBF and higher added concentrations of bioactive glass led to an increase in surface roughness. SEM examination revealed that precipitates were formed on the surfaces of specimens containing bioactive glass after exposure to SBF for at least 7 days. The density of these precipitates increased with exposure time and added bioactive glass content. After subsequent ultrasonic cleaning, a significant Ra reduction was observed for specimens containing 10 and 20 wt% bioactive glass and stored for 30 days (p < 0.001). For the resin composite material doped with 20 wt% bioactive glass particles, UC revealed a significant Ra reduction at all time points. Conclusion: The increase in the surface roughness of bioactive glass-modified composites after storage in SBF might be partly attributed to precipitate formation on their surfaces. After ultrasonic cleaning, surface roughness was still increased, indicating poorer surface quality compared to conventional composite.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Biomaterials and Implants for Dentistry (2nd Edition))
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Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of the Characteristics of Digital Light Processing 3D-Printed Magnesium Calcium Phosphate for Bone Regeneration
by
Peng Zhang, Meiling Zhang, Yoo-Na Jung, Seong-Won Choi, Yong-Seok Lee, Geelsu Hwang and Kwi-Dug Yun
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040139 - 14 Apr 2025
Abstract
Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, particularly digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing, have enabled the customization of bone substitutes with specific shapes that match bone defect sizes and geometries. Magnesium calcium phosphate (MCP) has gained considerable attention due to its strong
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Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, particularly digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing, have enabled the customization of bone substitutes with specific shapes that match bone defect sizes and geometries. Magnesium calcium phosphate (MCP) has gained considerable attention due to its strong mechanical properties, degradability, and ability to promote bone regeneration. In this study, we prepared MCP samples with five different molar ratios via DLP 3D printing. We analyzed the physicochemical properties of these five groups, including phase compositions and microstructures, which were examined using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Additionally, we assessed the effects of MCP on material density and shrinkage. Biaxial flexural strength and degradation rate were evaluated; biological properties were examined through WST-8 analysis and alkaline phosphatase activity assays. Among the tested samples, MCP1/1 exhibited the highest strength. A higher proportion of magnesium phosphate in MCP corresponded to an increased degradation rate. Cell response observations in the WST-8 assay indicated that cell proliferation was better in the MCP1/1 group than in the other groups on days 4 and 7 of culturing. Alkaline phosphatase activity assays demonstrated that MCP1/1 exhibited higher activity than calcium phosphate. Our findings suggest that MCP1/1 can be used effectively in bone-tissue-engineering applications.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art: Three-Dimensional Printing Materials and Regenerative Medicine)
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