J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(9), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17090429 - 25 Aug 2026
Abstract
Introduction: White spot lesions (WSLs) are early enamel demineralization lesions associated with increased surface roughness and plaque retention. Profilometry is commonly used to evaluate these surface changes, although methodological variability remains significant. Objective: To critically evaluate the available evidence regarding the validity and
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Introduction: White spot lesions (WSLs) are early enamel demineralization lesions associated with increased surface roughness and plaque retention. Profilometry is commonly used to evaluate these surface changes, although methodological variability remains significant. Objective: To critically evaluate the available evidence regarding the validity and reproducibility of profilometry for assessing surface roughness in experimentally induced WSL models and treatment-modified surfaces and to identify methodological factors influencing its application across in vitro studies. Methods: A systematic review of 27 in vitro studies published between 2021 and 2026 was conducted. Methodological characteristics of contact and non-contact profilometry were synthesized, and evidence relevant to validity and reproducibility was qualitatively assessed based on complementary analytical methods and the reporting of standardized measurement procedures. Results: Considerable heterogeneity was identified in specimen sample and preparation, demineralization protocols, profilometric systems, acquisition settings, roughness parameters, and experimental conditions. Both contact and non-contact profilometry detected treatment- and demineralization-related surface changes, with Ra being the most frequent reported parameter. Complementary analytical techniques provided supporting evidence for the interpretation of profilometric findings but did not constitute formal validation. Methodological details relevant to reproducibility were inconsistently reported, and formal repeatability or reproducibility testing was generally lacking, Conclusion: Profilometry appears useful for quantitatively characterizing surface topography in experimentally demineralized enamel as a model of WSLs and treatment-modified enamel; however, substantial methodological variability and limited formal validation and reproducibility testing prevent definitive conclusions regarding its validity and reproducibility. Greater standardization of methodologies of measurement and reporting protocols is required to improve comparability and strengthen the evidence base.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Primary Prevention in Dentistry)
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