Starch-Stabilized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Instrumentation
2.3. Synthesis of Starch-Stabilized Iron (Fe2+/Fe3+) Oxide Nanoparticles
2.3.1. Starch–Iron (St–Fe) Nanoparticles
2.3.2. Iron–Starch (Fe–St) Nanoparticles
2.3.3. Starch-Free Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
2.4. Quantification of the Iron Content
2.5. Photo-Fenton Experiments
2.6. Spectrophotometric Detection of Hydroxyl Radicals
2.7. Colorimetric Test for Fe3+ Leaching
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Catalyst Synthesis and Characterization
3.2. Degradation of MB with Starch-Stabilized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
3.2.1. Control Experiments
3.2.2. Influence of UV Radiation Source and H2O2 Concentration
3.2.3. Optimization of the H2O2: Fe Ratio
3.2.4. Activity of the Starch-Stabilized Iron Catalysts
3.2.5. Multiple Additions of Methylene Blue
3.3. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analysis
3.4. Iron Leaching from the Starch-Stabilized NPs
3.5. Catalyst Performance Comparison with Other Reported Work
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Step | Reaction | Rate Constant (M−1 s−1) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Initiation | [9,10,11] | ||
[9,10,11] | |||
[9,11] | |||
Propagation | [10,11] | ||
[10] | |||
[10] | |||
[9,10] | |||
- | [10] | ||
- | [10,11] | ||
- | [10,11] | ||
Termination | [9,10,11,12] | ||
[10,11] | |||
[10,11] | |||
[10,11] | |||
- | [10,11] | ||
[10,11] | |||
[10] |
Catalyst | Initial Weight Ratio of Iron: Citrate: Starch | Iron (% w/w) |
---|---|---|
1000 mg St–Fe | ||
300 mg St–Fe | ||
300 mg Fe–St | ||
100 mg Fe–St |
(a) 300 mg St–Fe 50 μmol/L Fe + 180 μmol/L H2O2 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sample | Initial TOC (mg/L) | Final TOC | % Mineralized |
Blank | 4.13 | 3.35 | - |
4 mg/L MB | 6.57 | 4.41 | 56.7 |
8 mg/L MB | 8.94 | 5.88 | 47.5 |
16 mg/L MB | 13.74 | 9.09 | 40.4 |
(b) 300 mg Fe–St 33 μmol/L Fe + 45 μmol/L H2O2 | |||
Sample | Initial TOC (mg/L) | Final TOC | % Mineralized |
Blank | 1.41 | 0.46 | - |
4 mg/L MB | 3.81 | 1.66 | 50.2 |
8 mg/L MB | 6.22 | 3.40 | 38.9 |
16 mg/L MB | 11.03 | 7.75 | 24.2 |
(c) 100 mg Fe–St 32 μmol/L Fe + 90 μmol/L H2O2 | |||
Sample | Initial TOC (mg/L) | Final TOC (mg/L) | % Mineralized |
Blank | 2.12 | 0.7 | - |
4 mg/L MB | 4.52 | 1.53 | 65.3 |
8 mg/L MB | 6.92 | 2.49 | 62.9 |
16 mg/L MB | 11.73 | 6.20 | 42.8 |
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Dasgupta, N.; Nayak, M.A.; Gauthier, M. Starch-Stabilized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue. Polysaccharides 2022, 3, 655-670. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3030038
Dasgupta N, Nayak MA, Gauthier M. Starch-Stabilized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue. Polysaccharides. 2022; 3(3):655-670. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3030038
Chicago/Turabian StyleDasgupta, Natun, Milind Ajith Nayak, and Mario Gauthier. 2022. "Starch-Stabilized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue" Polysaccharides 3, no. 3: 655-670. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3030038