Incidence of Daytime Sleepiness and Associated Factors in Two First Nations Communities in Saskatchewan, Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Sample
4.2. Data Collection
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EDS | Excessive daytime sleepiness |
ESS | Epworth Sleepiness Scale |
FNLHP | First Nations Lung Health Project |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
COPD | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
SOB | Shortness of Breath |
SD | Standard Deviation |
MSLT | Multiple Sleep Latency Test |
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Variables | Total n (%) | Newly Diagnosed Subjective EDS | p Value | Crude OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes n (%) | No n (%) | ||||
Demographics | |||||
Sex | |||||
Male | 151 (47.6) | 12 (50.0) | 139 (47.4) | 0.812 | 1.11 (0.48, 2.55) |
Female | 166 (52.4) | 12 (50.0) | 154 (52.6) | 1.00 | |
Age group | |||||
18–35 years | 170 (53.6) | 12 (50.0) | 158 (53.9) | 0.866 | 0.87 (0.18, 4.32) |
36–55 years | 122 (38.5) | 10 (41.7) | 112 (38.2) | 0.976 | 1.02 (0.20, 5.15) |
>55 years | 25 (7.9) | 2 (8.3) | 23 (7.8) | 1.00 | |
Education level | |||||
Less than high school | 156 (49.4) | 14 (58.4) | 142 (48.6) | 0.425 | 1.54 (0.53, 4.41) |
Completed high school | 77 (24.4) | 5 (20.8) | 72 (24.7) | 0.907 | 1.08 (0.30, 3.93) |
Post-secondary (university/technical or some) | 83 (26.2) | 5 (20.8) | 78 (26.7) | 1.00 | |
Marital status | |||||
Married/common law | 119 (39.0) | 8 (33.3) | 111 (39.5) | 0.550 | 0.77 (0.32, 1.83) |
Widowed/divorced/separated/single | 186 (61.0) | 16 (66.7) | 170 (60.5) | 1.00 | |
Body mass index | |||||
Neither overweight nor obese | 102 (31.1) | 5 (20.8) | 97 (34.2) | 0.341 | 0.58 (0.19, 1.77) |
Overweight | 95 (30.9) | 10 (41.7) | 85 (29.9) | 0.547 | 1.33 (0.52, 3.39) |
Obese | 111 (36.0) | 9 (31.5) | 102 (35.9) | 1.00 | |
Home crowding status | |||||
More than one person per room | 99 (32.6) | 7 (31.8) | 92 (32.6) | 0.937 | 0.96 (0.39, 2.41) |
One or less person per room | 205 (67.4) | 15 (68.2) | 190 (67.4) | 1.00 | |
Alcohol consumption (5 or more drinks at a time) | |||||
Never | 61 (19.3) | 4 (16.7) | 57 (19.5) | 0.675 | 0.78 (0.24, 2.51) |
Occasionally | 122 (38.6) | 9 (37.5) | 113 (38.7) | 0.792 | 0.88 (0.35, 2.34) |
Regularly | 133 (42.1) | 11 (45.8) | 122 (41.8) | 1.00 | |
Smoking status | |||||
Current smoking | 265 (83.6) | 20 (83.3) | 245 (83.6) | 0.638 | 0.74 (0.20, 2.64) |
Ex-smoker | 22 (6.9) | 1 (4.2) | 21 (7.2) | 0.482 | 0.43 (0.04, 4.53) |
Never smoker | 30 (9.5) | 3 (12.5) | 27 (9.2) | 1.00 | |
Employment Status | |||||
Employed (full-time/part-time/seasonally/self-employment) | 73 (23.1) | 3 (12.5) | 70 (24.0) | 0.182 | 0.42 (0.12, 1.49) |
Student (part-time/full-time) | 24 (7.6) | 1 (4.2) | 23 (7.9) | 0.422 | 0.43 (0.05, 3.37) |
Unemployed | 219 (69.3) | 20 (83.3) | 199 (68.1) | 1.00 | |
Co-morbid conditions | |||||
Shortness of breath | |||||
Yes | 156 (49.2) | 13 (54.2) | 143 (48.8) | 0.607 | 1.24 (0.54, 2.83) |
No | 161 (50.8) | 11 (45.8) | 150 (51.2) | 1.00 | |
Loud snoring | |||||
Yes | 51 (16.1) | 3 (12.5) | 48 (16.4) | 0.163 | 0.73 (0.21, 2.55) |
No | 265 (83.9) | 21 (87.5) | 244 (75.4) | 1.00 | |
Ever Dr. said | |||||
Chronic lung diseases * | |||||
Yes | 81 (25.6) | 9 (37.5) | 72 (24.8) | 0.163 | 1.84 (0.78, 4.35) |
No | 236 (74.4) | 15 (62.2) | 221 (75.2) | 1.00 | |
Sinus trouble | |||||
Yes | 85 (30.8) | 7 (31.8) | 78 (30.7) | 0.908 | 1.05 (0.43, 2.58) |
No | 191 (69.2) | 15 (68.2) | 176 (69.3) | 1.00 | |
Heart problem | |||||
Yes | 25 (8.1) | 1 (4.2) | 24 (8.5) | 0.456 | 0.47 (0.07, 3.39) |
No | 283 (91.9) | 23 (95.8) | 260 (91.5) | 1.00 | |
Tuberculosis | |||||
Yes | 24 (8.9) | 1 (4.5) | 23 (9.3) | 0.469 | 0.47 (0.06, 3.65) |
No | 246 (91.1) | 21 (95.5) | 225 (90.7) | 1.00 | |
Attack of bronchitis | |||||
Yes | 81 (29.9) | 5 (22.7) | 76 (30.5) | 0.444 | 0.67 (0.24, 1.86) |
No | 190 (70.1) | 17 (77.3) | 173 (69.5) | 1.00 | |
Asthma | |||||
Yes | 47 (14.8) | 4 (16.7) | 43 (14.7) | 0.794 | 1.16 (0.38, 3.57) |
No | 270 (85.2) | 20 (83.3) | 250 (85.3) | 1.00 | |
Diabetes | |||||
Yes | 42 (13.8) | 5 (20.8) | 37 (13.2) | 0.310 | 1.74 (0.60, 5.04) |
No | 263 (86.2) | 19 (79.2) | 244 (86.8) | 1.00 | |
Depression | |||||
Yes | 61 (19.9) | 7 (29.2) | 54 (19.1) | 0.238 | 1.75 (0.69, 4.42) |
No | 246 (80.1) | 17 (70.8) | 229 (80.9) | 1.00 | |
Ear infection | |||||
Yes | 44 (14.1) | 4 (16.7) | 40 (13.9) | 0.716 | 1.24 (0.39, 3.88) |
No | 268 (85.9) | 20 (83.3) | 248 (86.1) | 1.00 | |
Heart burn/Stomach Reflex | |||||
Yes | 50 (16.0) | 5 (21.7) | 45 (15.5) | 0.440 | 1.51 (0.53, 4.31) |
No | 263 (84.0) | 18 (78.3) | 253 (84.5) | 1.00 | |
Socio-economic factors | |||||
Money left over at the end of month | |||||
Not enough money | 156 (51.7) | 17 (77.3) | 139 (49.6) | 0.072 | 3.09 (0.91, 10.57) |
Just enough money | 67 (22.2) | 2 (9.1) | 65 (23.2) | 0.784 | 0.78 (0.13, 4.60) |
Some money | 79 (26.1) | 3 (13.6) | 76 (27.1) | 1.00 | |
Housing conditions | |||||
House in need of repairs | |||||
Yes (major repair) | 123 (41.4) | 10 (45.5) | 113 (41.1) | 0.086 | 3.86 (0.83, 18.04) |
Yes (minor repair) | 85 (28.6) | 10 (45.5) | 75 (27.3) | 0.026 | 5.82 (1.23, 27.52) |
No (only regular maintenance) | 89 (30.0) | 2 (9.1) | 87 (31.6) | 1.00 | |
In past 12 months, water or dampness in home | |||||
Yes | 182 (63.4) | 18 (85.7) | 164 (61.7) | 0.035 | 3.73 (1.10, 12.66) |
No | 106 (36.6) | 3 (14.3) | 102 (38.3) | 1.00 | |
Damage caused by dampness | |||||
Yes | 153 (48.3) | 16 (66.7) | 137 (46.8) | 0.061 | 2.28 (0.96, 5.39) |
No | 164 (51.7) | 8 (33.3) | 156 (53.2) | 1.00 | |
Mildew/moldy odor or musty smell | |||||
Yes | 153 (53.9) | 16 (72.7) | 137 (52.3) | 0.075 | 2.43 (0.91, 6.46) |
No | 131 (46.1) | 6 (27.3) | 125 (47.7) | 1.00 | |
Signs of mold or mildew in home | |||||
Yes | 133 (48.0) | 12 (57.1) | 121 (47.3) | 0.385 | 1.49 (0.61, 3.66) |
No | 144 (52.0) | 9 (42.9) | 135 (52.7) | 1.00 |
Model 1 † | Model 2 † | Model 3 † | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Socio-economic factors | ||||||
Money left over at the end of month | ||||||
Not enough money | 3.83 (1.02, 14.43) | 0.047 | 4.62 (1.11, 19.32) | 0.036 | 3.32 (0.93, 11.79) | 0.064 |
Just enough money | 0.85 (0.13, 5.63) | 0.873 | 1.08 (0.16, 7.43) | 0.937 | 0.69 (0.12, 4.12) | 0.684 |
Some money | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Housing conditions | ||||||
House in need of repairs | ||||||
Yes (major repair) | 4.47 (0.86, 23.14) | 0.074 | ||||
Yes (minor repair) | 5.72 (1.10, 29.73) | 0.038 | ||||
No (only regular maintenance) | 1.00 | |||||
In past 12 months, water or dampness in home | ||||||
Yes | 3.54 (1.02, 12.22) | 0.046 | ||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Damage caused by dampness | ||||||
Yes | 2.79 (1.02, 7.65) | 0.046 | ||||
No | 1.00 |
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Share and Cite
Karunanayake, C.P.; Dosman, J.A.; Rennie, D.C.; Lawson, J.A.; Kirychuk, S.; Fenton, M.; Ramsden, V.R.; Seeseequasis, J.; Abonyi, S.; Pahwa, P.; et al. Incidence of Daytime Sleepiness and Associated Factors in Two First Nations Communities in Saskatchewan, Canada. Clocks & Sleep 2019, 1, 13-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep1010003
Karunanayake CP, Dosman JA, Rennie DC, Lawson JA, Kirychuk S, Fenton M, Ramsden VR, Seeseequasis J, Abonyi S, Pahwa P, et al. Incidence of Daytime Sleepiness and Associated Factors in Two First Nations Communities in Saskatchewan, Canada. Clocks & Sleep. 2019; 1(1):13-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep1010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarunanayake, Chandima P., James A. Dosman, Donna C. Rennie, Joshua A. Lawson, Shelley Kirychuk, Mark Fenton, Vivian R. Ramsden, Jeremy Seeseequasis, Sylvia Abonyi, Punam Pahwa, and et al. 2019. "Incidence of Daytime Sleepiness and Associated Factors in Two First Nations Communities in Saskatchewan, Canada" Clocks & Sleep 1, no. 1: 13-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep1010003