Thermochemical Characterization of Rice-Derived Residues for Fuel Use and Its Potential for Slagging Tendency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Thermochemical Property of Rice Residues
3.1.1. Proximate Analysis
3.1.2. Calorific Value
3.1.3. Inductively Coupled Plasma Analysis for Inorganic Elements
3.1.4. Elemental Analysis
3.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Rice Residues
4. Discussion
- -
- Acidic ash elements with high melting points (e.g., Si, Al, Fe, Na, Ti).
- -
- Base ash elements with less volatiles at high temperature (e.g., Ca, Mg).
- -
- Base ash elements with more volatiles at high temperature (e.g., K, P, S).
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | RS | RH |
---|---|---|
Proximate analysis a,c | ||
Ash (wt%) | 9.48 ± 0.4 | 12.11 ± 0.1 |
Volatile matter (wt%) | 74.29 ± 0.4 | 71.35 ± 0.8 |
Fixed carbon b (wt%) | 12.07 ± 0.2 | 8.13 ± 0.1 |
Calorific value (MJ/kg) a,c | 16.94 ± 0.21 | 16.05 ± 0.46 |
Inorganic Element a | RS | RH | Method Detection Limit (ppm) |
---|---|---|---|
Silicon (Si) | 0.265 wt% | 4.987 wt% | 0.70 |
Potassium (K) | 0.486 wt% | 0.582 wt% | 0.90 |
Sodium (Na) | ND b | 73.56 ppm | 0.10 |
Magnesium (Mg) | 425.7 ppm | 287.3 ppm | 0.12 |
Calcium (Ca) | 612.9 ppm | 683.9 ppm | 0.40 |
Titanium (Ti) | ND | 4.97 ppm | 0.10 |
Iron (Fe) | ND | 96.42 ppm | 0.10 |
Aluminum (Al) | 36.63 ppm | 66.60 ppm | 0.20 |
Sulfur (S) | 693.1 ppm | 343.9 ppm | 0.20 |
Phosphorus (P) | 687.1 ppm | 289.3 ppm | 0.10 |
Mineral Material a | RS | RH |
---|---|---|
Potassium oxide (K2O) | 0.585 wt% (35.54%) c | 0.701 wt% (5.99%) |
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) | 0.567 wt% (34.45%) | 10.668 wt% (91.17%) |
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) | 1731.5 ppm (10.52%) | 859.1 ppm (0.73%) |
Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) | 1574.5 ppm (9.57%) | 663.0 ppm (0.56%) |
Calcium oxide (CaO) | 857.6 ppm (5.21%) | 956.9 ppm (0.82%) |
Magnesium oxide (MgO) | 706.0 ppm (4.29%) | 476.5 ppm (0.41%) |
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) | 69.2 ppm (0.42%) | 125.8 ppm (0.11%) |
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) | ND b (0.00%) | 137.8 ppm (0.12%) |
Sodium oxide (Na2O) | ND (0.00%) | 99.2 ppm (0.08%) |
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) | ND (0.00%) | 6.7 ppm (0.01%) |
Biomass/Heating Rate (°C/min) | Ignition Temperature (°C) | Maximum Peak Temperature (°C) | Burnout Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
Rice straw (RS) | |||
5 | 268 | 336 | 372 |
10 | 282 | 358 | 388 |
15 | 297 | 377 | 425 |
20 | 304 | 379 | 436 |
Rice husk (RH) | |||
5 | 268 | 336 | 357 |
10 | 290 | 352 | 393 |
15 | 298 | 355 | 395 |
20 | 303 | 357 | 399 |
Index | Expression (wt%/wt% or wt%) a | Slagging Degree | Slagging Tendency | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice Straw | Rice Husk | ||||
Base/acid ratio (RB/A) | (Fe2O3 + CaO + MgO + K2O + Na2O)/ (SiO2 + Al2O3 + TiO2) | <0.206 | Slight | 1.29 (Severe) | 0.08 (Slight) |
0.206–0.40 | Moderate | ||||
>0.40 | Severe | ||||
Fouling index (Fu) | RB/A × (K2O + Na2O) | <0.6 | Slight | 0.76 (Moderate) | 0.06 (Slight) |
0.6–40 | Moderate | ||||
>40 | Severe | ||||
Slagging index (RS) | RB/A × S b | <0.6 | Slight | 0.09 (Slight) | 0.003 (Slight) |
0.6–2.0 | Moderate | ||||
2.0–2.6 | Severe | ||||
>2.6 | Highly severe | ||||
Slag viscosity index (G) | SiO2/(SiO2 + Fe2O3 + CaO + MgO) × 100 | 72–80 | Slight | 78 (Slight) | 99 (Slight) |
65–72 | Moderate | ||||
50–65 | Severe |
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Tsai, C.-H.; Shen, Y.-H.; Tsai, W.-T. Thermochemical Characterization of Rice-Derived Residues for Fuel Use and Its Potential for Slagging Tendency. Fire 2023, 6, 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060230
Tsai C-H, Shen Y-H, Tsai W-T. Thermochemical Characterization of Rice-Derived Residues for Fuel Use and Its Potential for Slagging Tendency. Fire. 2023; 6(6):230. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060230
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsai, Chi-Hung, Yun-Hwei Shen, and Wen-Tien Tsai. 2023. "Thermochemical Characterization of Rice-Derived Residues for Fuel Use and Its Potential for Slagging Tendency" Fire 6, no. 6: 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060230