Fire-Safe Biobased Composites: Enhancing the Applicability of Biocomposites with Improved Fire Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fire Behaviour of Biobased Composite Materials for Packaging Applications
Base Material Type | Points to Notice | Fire Assessment Techniques | Remarks | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bagasse packaging paper | Coated with 0.5% cychlodiphosph(V)azane/CaCO3 solution (1.5%), 1.5% NaHCO3 solution, and CNCs mixed with 5.0% of starch. | TGA, UL-94 and LOI | With the inclusion of CNCs (SK8), the fire resistance improved by up to 27.5% in comparison to the untreated specimen and did not burn at room temperature. | [34] |
DGELU/DFA | Mechanical and fire properties were compared with petroleum-based epoxy. | LOI, UL-94, Cone Calorimeter | Compared to DGEBA/DDM, the cured DGELU/DFA was found:
| [35] |
TPAS films containing AF | A novel biodegradable thermoplastic. | Horizontal burning test and TGA | It was astounding to see that the TPAS/AF biocomposite films showed a noticeable rise in decomposition temperature from 298 to 313 °C, which indicated a substantial rise in thermal stability. | [36] |
3. Fire Behaviour of Biobased Composite Materials for Structural Applications
Materials | Type of Composite | Observations from Fire Tests | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
PA-6/BF and CF | Hybrid | The maximum average rate of heat emission was shown to decrease with increasing fibre load. It was 207 kW/m2 in composites with 10 wt.% basalt fibres and 10 wt.% CF’s, which was less than the unaltered polymer by about 37%. | [61] |
Mycelium and mycelium-wheat grain | Biomass | Mycelium’s corresponding combustion propensity was considerably lower than that of PMMA and PLA, according to the PCFC analyses, revealing that it is substantially less likely to ignite and burn violently, and is, therefore, safer to use. The cone calorimetry test results revealed that the existence of mycelium had a favourable impact on the characteristics of the wheat grain fire reaction. Mycelium has been discovered to have some flame-retardant qualities (such as high char residue and water vapour emission) and could be employed as an affordable, environmentally friendly, and fire-safe substitute for synthetic polymers in binding matrices. | [62] |
PLA/KF/r-carbon with a cashew nut shell liquid | Hybrid | Cardanol enhanced the thermal stability of kenaf; hybridization with r-carbon also increased the thermal stability of the finished composite. It was found that the fire retardancy of cardanol was unaffected by the KF’s presence. | [63] |
PLA/hemp/sepiolite NC/MWCNT | Hybrid | The hybrid ternary composites showed 58% reduced HRC and 45% reduced pHRR, which showed lower flammability than neat PLA. Another interesting finding was the 25% drop in pHRR that occurred after hemp fibre was added to the PLA nanocomposite. Towards the end of the thermal ramp, TGA revealed an appreciable increase in the residual char. | [64] |
PLA/starch/microencapsulated MEAPP | Biocomposite | According to the MCC findings, the PLA/starch biocomposites’ pHRR and THR were significantly lower than those of neat PLA. The PHRR and THR were decreased because the inclusion of IFR stimulated the degradation of PLA and caused the thermal degradation process to produce less combustible gas products. | [65] |
4. Fire Behaviour of Composite Materials for Aviation and Automotive Applications
5. Conclusions and Future Research Focus
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, D. Fire-Safe Biobased Composites: Enhancing the Applicability of Biocomposites with Improved Fire Performance. Fire 2023, 6, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060229
Zhang D. Fire-Safe Biobased Composites: Enhancing the Applicability of Biocomposites with Improved Fire Performance. Fire. 2023; 6(6):229. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060229
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Dan. 2023. "Fire-Safe Biobased Composites: Enhancing the Applicability of Biocomposites with Improved Fire Performance" Fire 6, no. 6: 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060229