The Mediatorless Electroanalytical Sensing of Sulfide Utilizing Unmodified Graphitic Electrode Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Electrode Modification | Underlying Electrode | Technique | Sensitivity/µA·mM−1·cm2 | LOD (3σ)/µM | Linear Range/µM | Comments | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copolymer of anthracene and ferrocene | BPPG | CV | γ | γ | 200–2000 | Dual sensor for pH and sulfide. | [22] |
Ferrocene carboxylate | GCE and BDDE | CV | 81.4 × 103 | 2.0 | 200–1000 | Ferrocene carboxylate used as electrocatalyst. Detection of sulfide within river water samples reported. | [23] |
Quercetin | Pencil graphite electrode | CV | 41.0 × 103 | 0.3 | 1–20 | Quercetin used as electrocatalyst for sulfide oxidation. Sulfide detected in waste waters and validated with an independent spectrophotometric method. | [24] |
Hexadecylpyridiniumbis (chloranilato)-antimonyl(V) | SPE | CV | γ | γ | 0.01–0.70 | Hexadecylpyridinium-bis(chloranilato)-antimonyl(V) acted as an electrocatalyst for the sensing of sulfide. | [25] |
Ferrocene sulfonate | BDDE and GCE | CV | 70.7 | 14.0 | 20–1000 | Ferrocene sulfonate acted as used as an electrocatalyst for the sensing of sulfide. | [26] |
Ionic liquid | SPE | Amperometry | 41.0 | 12.9 × 10−3 | 1–3000 | Ionic liquid used to immobilize ferricyanide as an electrocatalyst. Sulfide detected in hot spring water and ground water. | [27] |
CNT | GCE | Amperometry | 16.2 × 102 | 0.3 | 1–112 | Sulfide detected in river water samples | [28] |
Alkylated ferrocene | BDDE | CV | γ | γ | γ | Alkylated ferrocene sulfonates used as electrocatalyst. | [29] |
DMPD | GCE | CV | 54 × 10−5 | 3.0 | 3–150 | γ | [30] |
DPSA | 11.3 × 10−5 | 5.3 | 5–150 | ||||
DDPS | 22.85 × 10−5 | 12.3 | 12–163 | ||||
Hydroquinone | GCE | CV | 7.2 × 10−5 | 3.0 | 3–150 | Detection of sulfide performed at pH 4. | [31] |
Catechol | 41.4 × 10−5 | 10.0 | 10–192 | ||||
DPPD | 54 × 10−5 | 14.0 | 14–91 | ||||
Dopamine | 17.4 × 10−5 | 22.0 | 22–262 | ||||
Aminophenol | 51.6 × 10−5 | 50.0 | 50–181 | ||||
Hematoxylin MWCNT | CPE | Amperometry | 14.6 × 102 | 0.2 | 0.5–150 | Detection of sulfide performed in river water. | [32] |
Prussian blue | GCE | Amperometry | 1.35 × 102 | 0.3 | 0.5–100 | Detection of sulfide performed in waste water and validated with independent spectrophotometric method. | [1] |
Nickel oxide | GCE | LSV | 5.5 × 103 | 5.0 | 20–90 | Ni modified SPEs demonstrate the possible development of inexpensive and disposable sensors for sulfide. | [33] |
SPE | 3.1 × 103 | 40–100 | |||||
DMPD | GCE, Pt, CPE and ITO | CV | γ | γ | 10–300 | DMPD used as electrocatalyst. Various electrode substrates were used (Pt, ITO, carbon paste), which gave similar response like GCE. | [34] |
Unmodified | BDDE | Amperometry | 13.03 × 102 | 0.4 | γ | Detection performed at in-situ generated pH 10. | [35] |
Unmodified | BDDE | CV and Square Wave | 1.12 × 102 | 4.9 | 5–60 | EPPGE detection compared to a CNT modified GCE, performed at pH 7. | [36] |
BPPGE | |||||||
EPPGE | |||||||
GCE | |||||||
Unmodified | GCE | CV and Amperometry | 1.69 × 102 | 37.5 | 25–400 | Mediatorless sulfide sensing with unmodified electrodes. | This work |
SPE | 1.52 × 102 | 51.8 | 25–700 |
Electrode | Analyte | |
---|---|---|
Hexammineruthenium(III) Chloride | Ammonium Iron(II) Sulfate | |
ΔEp/mV | ΔEp/mV | |
EPPGE | 76 | 117 |
BPPGE | 150 | 964 |
GCE | 86 | 537 |
SPE | 115 | 605 |
BDDE | 120 | 1162 |
Electrode | Slope/µA·mM−1 | Sensitivity/µA·mM−1·cm−2 | Linear Range/μM | LOD */μM |
---|---|---|---|---|
SPE | 10.755 | 152.23 | 25–700 | 32.5 |
GCE—Unpolished | 6.0880 | 86.170 | 25–400 | 51.8 |
GCE—Polished | 11.989 | 169.69 | 25–1000 | 37.5 |
Experiment Number | Spiked/µM | Detected/µM | % RSD (n = 3) | % Apparent Recovery |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 50 | 51 (±0.005) | 0.52 | 101.6 |
2 | 150 | 148 (±0.007) | 0.79 | 98.8 |
3 | 650 | 630 (±0.018) | 1.81 | 96.9 |
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Thakur, B.; Bernalte, E.; Smith, J.P.; Linton, P.E.; Sawant, S.N.; Banks, C.E.; Foster, C.W. The Mediatorless Electroanalytical Sensing of Sulfide Utilizing Unmodified Graphitic Electrode Materials. C 2016, 2, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/c2020014
Thakur B, Bernalte E, Smith JP, Linton PE, Sawant SN, Banks CE, Foster CW. The Mediatorless Electroanalytical Sensing of Sulfide Utilizing Unmodified Graphitic Electrode Materials. C. 2016; 2(2):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/c2020014
Chicago/Turabian StyleThakur, Bhawana, Elena Bernalte, Jamie P. Smith, Patricia E. Linton, Shilpa N. Sawant, Craig. E. Banks, and Christopher W. Foster. 2016. "The Mediatorless Electroanalytical Sensing of Sulfide Utilizing Unmodified Graphitic Electrode Materials" C 2, no. 2: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/c2020014