Methodological Issues in Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia pachydermatis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Status of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Methods
3. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia pachydermatis
3.1. The Test Conditions
3.1.1. The Growth Medium in Broth-Based Techniques
3.1.2. The Growth Medium in Agar Dilution Assays
3.1.3. The Growth Medium in Agar Diffusion Assays
3.1.4. The Inoculum Preparation
3.1.5. Temperature and Length of Incubation
3.1.6. The Method of End-Point Determination in Broth- and Agar-Dilution Assays
3.1.7. The Quality Controls (QC)
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Broth-Method | Disk-Diffusion Method |
---|---|---|
Test medium | Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI-1640) with glutamine, without bicarbonate. Glucose concentration: 0.2% (EUCAST 2%) | Mueller-Hinton agar + 2% glucose + 0.5 mg/L methylene blue |
Inoculum size | 0.5 × 103–2.5 × 103 CFU/mL (EUCAST 1 × 105–5 × 105) | 0.5 Mc Farland standard (1 × 106 to 5 × 106 CFU/mL) |
Microdilution plates | 96 U-shaped wells (EUCAST flat-bottom wells) | NA |
Temperature and incubation time | Candida spp., 48 h a at 35 °C (EUCAST 24 h) Cryptococcus neoformans, 72 h at 35 °C | 35 °C for 20–24 h Some strains of Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis often require 48 h |
Reading method | Visual (EUCAST Spectrophotometric 530 nm) | Measurement of zone size |
Drug | Ref. | Format | N° | Range | MIC50 | MIC90 | CBS 1879 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMB | Prado et al. (2008) [57] | BMD | 50 | ND | ND | 2 a | Not tested |
Brito et al. (2009) [37] | BMD | 20 | 0.25 b | 0.25 | 0.25 | Not tested | |
Velegraki et al. (2004) [62] | BMD | 1 | 0.12 b | NA | NA | Not tested | |
E-test | 1 | 0.5 b | NA | NA | Not tested | ||
Brito et al. (2007) [38] | AD | 32 | 0.125–8 | 0.5 | 8 | Not tested | |
MCZ | Uchida et al. (1990) [61] | BMD | 42 | 0.16–>80 | 1.25 | 20 | 2.5 |
Gordon et al. (1988) [44] | BMD | 7 | 0.009–0.039 | ND | ND | Not tested | |
Pietschmann et al. (2008) [56] | BMD | 1 | 2.92 | NA | NA | 2.92 | |
Hensel et al. (2009) [46] | BMD | 24 | 0.03–0.5 | 0.125 | 0.25 | Not tested | |
Peano et al. (2012) [34] | BMD | 51 | 0.03–16 | 2 | 4 | Not tested | |
ITZ | Murai et al. (2002) [50] | BMD | 24 | 1.6 b | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
Garau et al. (2003) [43] | BMD | 10 | ≤0.03–0.06 | ≤0.03 | 0.06 | Not tested | |
Eichenberg et al. (2003) [42] | BMD | 82 | 0.007–0.125 | 0.06 | 0.125 | Not tested | |
Rincon et al. (2006) [58] | BMD | 3 | 0.03–0.125 | NA | NA | 0.06 | |
Prado et al. (2008) [57] | BMD | 50 | ND | ND | <0.03 a | Not tested | |
Brito et al. (2009) [37] | BMD | 20 | ≤0.03–0.25 | ≤0.03 | ≤0.03 | Not tested | |
Jesus et al. (2011) [17] | BMD | 30 | 0.01–1 | 0.125 | 0.5 | Not tested | |
Nascente et al. (2003) [19] | BMD | 24 | 0.03–4 | 0.125 | 0.5 | Not tested | |
E-test | 35 | 0.002–2 | 0.003 | 0.016 | Not tested | ||
Velegraki et al. (2004) [62] | BMD | 1 | 0.06 b | NA | NA | Not tested | |
E-test | 1 | 0.12 b | NA | NA | Not tested | ||
Nijma et al. (2011) [54] | BMD | 30 | <0.03–2 | <0.03 | <0.03 | <0.03 | |
E-test | 30 | <0.03–8 | <0.03 | <0.03 | <0.03 | ||
Nakamura et al. (2000) [51] | BMD | 12 | 0.8–6.3 | ND | ND | Not tested | |
AD | 12 | 0.4–6.3 | ND | ND | Not tested | ||
Gupta et al. (2000) [45] | AD | 4 | ≤0.03 b | NA | NA | ≤0.03 | |
Sugita et al. (2005) [60] | AD | 6 | 0.016 b | NA | NA | Not tested | |
Brito et al. (2007) [38] | AD | 32 | ≤0.0075 b | ≤0.0075 | ≤0.0075 | Not tested | |
TER | Murai et al. (2002) [50] | BMD | 24 | 3.2 b | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 |
Weseler et al. (2002) [65] | BMD | 9 | 0.2–1.6 | NA | NA | Not tested | |
Velegraki et al. (2004) [62] | BMD | 1 | 0.12 | NA | NA | Not tested | |
E-test | 1 | NA c | - | - | Not tested | ||
Gupta et al. (2000) [45] | AD | 4 | ≤0.03 b | NA | NA | ≤0.03 |
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Peano, A.; Pasquetti, M.; Tizzani, P.; Chiavassa, E.; Guillot, J.; Johnson, E. Methodological Issues in Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia pachydermatis. J. Fungi 2017, 3, 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3030037
Peano A, Pasquetti M, Tizzani P, Chiavassa E, Guillot J, Johnson E. Methodological Issues in Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia pachydermatis. Journal of Fungi. 2017; 3(3):37. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3030037
Chicago/Turabian StylePeano, Andrea, Mario Pasquetti, Paolo Tizzani, Elisa Chiavassa, Jacques Guillot, and Elizabeth Johnson. 2017. "Methodological Issues in Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia pachydermatis" Journal of Fungi 3, no. 3: 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3030037