Effects of Albedo Addition on Pomegranate Juice Physicochemical, Volatile and Chemical Markers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.1. Physico-Chemical Analysis
2.1.1. Total Soluble Solids, Titratable Acidity, and pH
2.1.2. Total Phenolic Content
2.2. Analysis of Volatile Composition
2.2.1. Extraction Procedure
2.2.2. Chromatographic Analyses
2.3. Sensory Evaluation with Trained Panel
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physico-Chemical Analyses
Physico-chemical characteristics † | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Cluster ‡ | TSS (°Brix) | TA (g citric acid L−1) | MI | TPC (mg gallic acid eq. L−1) |
Before albedo extract addition | |||||
324 | 2 | 16.6 ± 0.3 bcd | 13.2 ± 0.1 de | 12.6 ± 0.4 c | 2577 ± 50 cd |
981 | 5 | 18.2 ± 0.5 a | 10.0 ± 0.2 def | 19.6 ± 0.8 b | 997 ± 77 f |
618 | 1 | 13.7 ± 0.4 f | 5.13 ± 0.1 f | 27.3 ± 2.4 a | 2003 ± 70 e |
612 | 4 | 15.4 ± 0.3 de | 16.0 ± 0.3 bc | 10.2 ± 1.5 c | 846 ± 4 f |
707 | 3 | 17.6 ± 0.9 abc | 20.9 ± 0.2 a | 8.5 ± 3.3 c | 3784 ± 5 b |
After 24 h of maceration with albedo extract | |||||
324 | 2 | 16.2 ± 0.1 cde | 14.0 ± 0.1 cd | 11.7 ± 0.3 c | 3732 ± 116 b |
981 | 5 | 18.0 ± 0.1 ab | 9.5 ± 0.1 ef | 19.4 ± 0.1 b | 2163 ± 113 de |
618 | 1 | 13.7 ± 0.1 f | 5.13 ± 0.1 f | 27.1 ± 2.1 a | 2937 ± 113 c |
612 | 4 | 14.9 ± 0.2 ef | 13.5 ± 0.2 cd | 11.3 ± 0.2 c | 2367 ± 114 de |
707 | 3 | 16.6 ± 1.1 bcd | 19.4 ± 0.1 ab | 8.5 ± 0.7 c | 5072 ± 233 a |
3.2. Volatile Composition and Sensory Analyses
Code | Compound | RI (Lit.) * | RI (Exp.) | Volatile compounds (mg kg−1) # | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
324 | 324 AT | 981 | 981 AT | 618 | 618 AT | 612 | 612 AT | 707 | 707 AT | ||||
Alcohols | |||||||||||||
A1 | 2-Butanol | 605 | 608 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.004 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A2 | 1-Pentanol | 746 | 759 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.037 | 0.030 | 0.002 | 0.002 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A3 | 3-Hexen-1-ol ¥ | 860 | 859 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.065 | n.d. | 0.047 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A4 | 4-Methyl-1-pentanol | 872 | 860 | n.d. | 0.007 | 0.050 | 0.044 | 0.024 | 0.020 | n.d. | 0.005 | 0.028 | 0.028 |
A5 | 3-Octanol ¥ | 997 | 990 | 0.005 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A6 | 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol | 1030 | 1032 | 0.067 | 0.029 | 0.027 | 0.035 | 0.051 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.032 | 0.044 | 0.028 |
A7 | Linalool | 1101 | 1098 | 0.015 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.024 | 0.034 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A8 | Viridiflorol ‡ | 1617 | 1569 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.042 | 0.019 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Total | 0.087 | 0.036 | 0.226 | 0.128 | 0.149 | 0.097 | 0.040 | 0.037 | 0.071 | 0.056 | |||
Aldehydes | |||||||||||||
A9 | 2-Pentenal | 750 | 721 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.004 | 0.003 | n.d. | n.d. |
A10 | 2-Methyl-2-butenal | 750 | 741 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.007 | 0.003 | n.d. | n.d. |
A11 | 3-Hexenal ¥ | 800 | 800 | n.d. | 0.007 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.016 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A12 | Hexanal ¥ | 802 | 802 | n.d. | 0.060 | n.d. | 0.047 | 0.008 | 0.053 | n.d. | 0.034 | n.d. | 0.089 |
A13 | 2-Hexenal ¥ | 860 | 865 | 0.006 | 0.193 | n.d. | 0.213 | n.d. | 0.197 | n.d. | 0.100 | 0.116 | 0.219 |
A14 | Octanal ¥ | 1005 | 1001 | 0.007 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.004 | n.d. | n.d. |
A15 | Nonanal ¥ | 1108 | 1108 | 0.017 | 0.014 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.011 | 0.018 | 0.012 | 0.019 | n.d. | 0.010 |
Total | 0.029 | 0.274 | n.d. | 0.260 | 0.025 | 0.289 | 0.026 | 0.164 | 0.116 | 0.318 | |||
Ketones | |||||||||||||
A16 | 3-Methyl-2-pentanone | 751 | 750 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.007 | 0.006 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A17 | 2-Methyl-2-hepten-6-one ¥ | 987 | 986 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.003 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A18 | β-Damascenone | 1400 | 1384 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.008 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A19 | β-Ionone | 1499 | 1503 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.026 | 0.008 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Total | n.d. | n.d. | 0.033 | 0.014 | n.d. | 0.003 | 0.008 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |||
Acids | |||||||||||||
A20 | Acetic acid † | 602 | 600 | 0.014 | 0.003 | n.d. | 0.010 | 0.029 | 0.012 | 0.134 | 0.237 | 0.013 | 0.006 |
A21 | 4-Butoxy butanoic acid ‡ | 856 | 856 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.104 | 0.038 |
Total | 0.014 | 0.003 | n.d. | 0.010 | 0.029 | 0.012 | 0.134 | 0.237 | 0.117 | 0.044 |
Code | Compound | RI (Lit.) * | RI (Exp.) | Volatile compounds (mg kg−1) # | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
324 | 324 AT | 981 | 981 AT | 618 | 618 AT | 612 | 612 AT | 707 | 707 AT | ||||
Esters | |||||||||||||
A22 | Ethyl acetate | 614 | 628 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.018 | 0.002 | 0.171 | 0.088 | n.d. | 0.010 | 0.485 | 0.286 |
A23 | Ethyl butanoate | 801 | 804 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.094 | 0.047 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.317 | 0.075 |
A24 | Butyl acetate | 816 | 816 | n.d. | 0.009 | n.d. | 0.004 | n.d. | 0.006 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.006 |
A25 | Ethyl 2-methyl butanoate | 852 | 849 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.180 | 0.082 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.198 | 0.078 |
A26 | 3-Methyl-1-butanol acetate | 878 | 875 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.212 | 0.091 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.088 | 0.033 |
A27 | 2-Methyl-1-butanol acetate | 879 | 877 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.031 | 0.015 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A28 | Ethyl hexanoate | 996 | 1001 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.302 | 0.123 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.014 | 0.003 |
A29 | 3-Hexen-1-ol acetate | 1004 | 1005 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.082 | 0.026 |
A30 | Hexyl acetate ¥ | 1010 | 1014 | n.d. | 0.015 | 0.131 | 0.057 | n.d. | 0.008 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.243 | 0.087 |
A31 | Methyl 2,4-hexadienoate | 1022 | 1021 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.012 | 0.006 | n.d. | n.d. |
A32 | 2-Methyl-3-methylbutyl propanoate | 1056 | 1056 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.009 | 0.003 |
A33 | 2-Propenyl hexanoate ‡ | 1079 | 1071 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.014 | 0.008 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.186 | 0.065 |
A34 | Ethyl 2,4-hexadienoate | 1100 | 1111 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.075 | 0.060 | n.d. | n.d. |
A35 | n-Amyl isovalerate | 1104 | 1108 | n.d. | n.d. | 3.660 | 1.58 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.020 | n.d. |
A36 | Ethyl benzoate | 1190 | 1187 | n.d. | 0.010 | 1.320 | 0.687 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.014 | n.d. | 0.005 |
A37 | β-Phenylethyl acetate | 1231 | 1260 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.026 | 0.015 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A38 | Neomenthol acetate ‡ | 1246 | 1300 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.028 | 0.009 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Total | n.d. | 0.034 | 5.976 | 2.697 | 0.210 | 0.124 | 0.087 | 0.090 | 1.641 | 0.669 | |||
Furans | |||||||||||||
A39 | Furfural | 839 | 829 | 0.087 | 0.064 | 0.620 | 0.527 | 0.086 | 0.067 | 0.197 | 0.150 | 0.377 | 0.290 |
A40 | 2-Acetylfuran | 915 | 911 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.016 | 0.015 |
Total | 0.087 | 0.064 | 0.634 | 0.542 | 0.090 | 0.070 | 0.201 | 0.155 | 0.393 | 0.305 | |||
Benzene derivatives | |||||||||||||
A41 | Benzaldehyde | 936 | 936 | 0.025 | 0.030 | 3.68 | 2.65 | 0.027 | 0.022 | 0.020 | 0.041 | 0.392 | 0.265 |
A42 | 1-Methy-3-(1methylethyl)-benzene ‡ | 1037 | 1021 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.019 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.004 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.002 | 0.001 |
A43 | 3-Methyl phenol | 1077 | 1075 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.006 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A44 | 4-Methyl benzaldehyde | 1101 | 1080 | n.d. | 0.036 | 2.448 | 1.310 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.037 | n.d. | 0.054 |
A46 | Mequinol ‡ | 1197 | - | 0.153 | 0.127 | 0.107 | 0.114 | 0.167 | 0.129 | 0.133 | 0.126 | 0.133 | 0.117 |
A47 | p-Cymen-8-ol | 1200 | 1183 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.109 | 0.103 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A48 | 1,2-Dimethoxy-3-methylbenzene ‡ | 1288 | - | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.024 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.014 | n.d. | n.d. |
A50 | 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol ‡ | 1512 | 1512 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.028 | 0.008 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.005 | n.d. |
Total | 0.181 | 0.197 | 6.644 | 4.361 | 0.235 | 0.185 | 0.192 | 0.242 | 0.612 | 0.501 |
Code | Compound | RI (Lit.) * | RI (Exp.) | Volatile compounds (mg kg−1) # | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
324 | 324 AT | 981 | 981 AT | 618 | 618 AT | 612 | 612 AT | 707 | 707 AT | ||||
Terpenes | |||||||||||||
A51 | β-Pinene ¥ | 991 | 980 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.003 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A52 | Limonene ¥ | 1041 | 1031 | 0.021 | 0.006 | 0.378 | 0.155 | 0.136 | 0.079 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.005 | 0.004 |
A53 | Eucalyptol | 1048 | 1029 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.021 | 0.009 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.004 | 0.003 |
A54 | γ-Terpinene ¥ | 1070 | 1062 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.009 | 0.006 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A55 | β-Terpineol | 1166 | 1188 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.030 | 0.028 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A56 | Pulegone | 1181 | 1176 | 0.027 | 0.025 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.038 | 0.033 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A57 | α-Terpineol ¥ | 1207 | 1189 | 0.035 | 0.030 | 1.402 | 1.150 | 0.106 | 0.078 | n.d. | 0.010 | 0.060 | 0.052 |
A58 | β-Elemene ‡ | 1411 | 1392 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.019 | 0.013 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A59 | Z-α-Bergamotene ¥ | 1430 | 1402 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.010 | 0.006 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A60 | E-α-Bergamotene ¥ | 1448 | 1435 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.036 | 0.013 | 0.062 | 0.043 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A61 | β-Caryophyllene ¥ | 1451 | 1466 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.042 | 0.019 | 0.045 | 0.032 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A62 | γ-Himachalene ‡ | 1491 | 1460 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.054 | 0.038 | 0.372 | 0.261 | n.d. | n.d. |
A63 | Valencene | 1521 | 1490 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.049 | 0.026 | 0.129 | 0.092 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A64 | β-Himachalene ‡ | 1530 | 1497 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.084 | 0.056 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A65 | γ-Cadinene | 1536 | 1524 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.049 | 0.033 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A66 | 4,5,9,10-Dehydro longiflorene ‡ | 1537 | - | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.103 | 0.065 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A67 | Unknown | 1739 | - | 0.053 | 0.031 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
A68 | Unknown | 1772 | - | 0.019 | 0.009 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Total | 0.156 | 0.101 | 2.036 | 1.449 | 0.779 | 0.531 | 0.372 | 0.271 | 0.068 | 0.059 | |||
Lactones | |||||||||||||
A69 | γ-n-Heptylbutyrolactone ‡ | 1585 | 1547 | n.d. | n.d. | 1.82 | 0.888 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.021 | 0.010 | 0.021 |
Total | n.d. | n.d. | 1.824 | 0.888 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.021 | 0.010 | 0.021 | |||
Total Concentration | 0.55 | 0.71 | 17.4 | 10.4 | 1.52 | 1.31 | 1.06 | 1.22 | 3.03 | 1.97 |
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vázquez-Araújo, L.; IV, E.C.; Carbonell-Barrachina, Á.A. Effects of Albedo Addition on Pomegranate Juice Physicochemical, Volatile and Chemical Markers. Beverages 2015, 1, 17-33. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages1010017
Vázquez-Araújo L, IV EC, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA. Effects of Albedo Addition on Pomegranate Juice Physicochemical, Volatile and Chemical Markers. Beverages. 2015; 1(1):17-33. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages1010017
Chicago/Turabian StyleVázquez-Araújo, Laura, Edgar Chambers IV, and Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina. 2015. "Effects of Albedo Addition on Pomegranate Juice Physicochemical, Volatile and Chemical Markers" Beverages 1, no. 1: 17-33. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages1010017