Galangin Attenuates Liver Injury, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Upregulates Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Experiment Design
2.2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
2.3. Determination of Insulin, Glycated Hemoglobin (Hba1c) and Liver Function Markers
2.4. Determination of Liver Glycogen and Carbohydrate-Metabolizing Enzymes
2.5. Determination of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers, and HO-1 Activity
2.6. Histological and Immunohistochemical Examinations
2.7. Gene Expression
2.8. In Silico Molecular Docking Study
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Gal Ameliorates Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Rats
3.2. Gal Alleviates Liver Glycogen and Carbohydrate Metabolizing Enzymes in Diabetic Rats
3.3. Gal Attenuates Liver Injury in Diabetic Rats
3.4. Gal Attenuates Hepatic Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats
3.5. Gal Mitigates Hepatic Inflammation in Diabetic Rats
3.6. Gal Upregulates Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in Liver of Diabetic Rats
3.7. Gal Attenuates Apoptosis in Liver of Diabetic Rats
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Forward Primer Sequence (5′-3′) | Reverse Primer Sequence (5′-3′) |
---|---|---|
Keap1 | TCAGCTAGAGGCGTACTGGA | TTCGGTTACCATCCTGCGAG |
Nrf2 | TTGTAGATGACCATGAGTCGC | TGTCCTGCTGTATGCTGCTT |
HO-1 | GTAAATGCAGTGTTGGCCCC | ATGTGCCAGGCATCTCCTTC |
Actb | AGGAGTACGATGAGTCCGGC | CGCAGCTCAGTAACAGTCCG |
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Al-Amarat, W.; Abukhalil, M.H.; Althunibat, O.Y.; Alfwuaires, M.A.; Alnamshan, M.M.; Alqosaibi, A.I.; Ahmeda, A.F.; Kamel, E.M.; Arab, H.H.; Mahmoud, A.M. Galangin Attenuates Liver Injury, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Upregulates Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Processes 2021, 9, 1562. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091562
Al-Amarat W, Abukhalil MH, Althunibat OY, Alfwuaires MA, Alnamshan MM, Alqosaibi AI, Ahmeda AF, Kamel EM, Arab HH, Mahmoud AM. Galangin Attenuates Liver Injury, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Upregulates Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Processes. 2021; 9(9):1562. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091562
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Amarat, Wesam, Mohammad H. Abukhalil, Osama Y. Althunibat, Manal A. Alfwuaires, Mashael M. Alnamshan, Amany I. Alqosaibi, Ahmad F. Ahmeda, Emadeldin M. Kamel, Hany H. Arab, and Ayman M. Mahmoud. 2021. "Galangin Attenuates Liver Injury, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Upregulates Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats" Processes 9, no. 9: 1562. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091562