Recent Trends in Field-Effect Transistors-Based Immunosensors
Abstract
:1. Introduction to Immunosensors
2. FET-Based Immunosensors
3. Trends in FET-Based Immunosensors Using Nanomaterials as Sensing Platforms
3.1. Silicon Nanowires
3.2. Carbon Nanotubes
3.3. Graphene
3.4. Molybdenum Disulfide
3.5. Titanium Dioxide
3.6. Zinc Oxide
3.7. Hybrid Nanomaterials
3.8. Other Nanomaterials/Other Reports of Interest
4. Aptamers Instead of Antibodies
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
λD | Debye length |
AFB1 | aflatoxin |
AFP | α-fetoprotein |
APTES | 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane |
BSA | bovine serum albumin |
CA 19-9 | carbohydrate antigen 19-9 |
CDR | complementarity determining regions |
CEA | carcinoembryonic antigen |
CeOx | cerium oxide |
CPPyNP | carboxylated polypirrole nanoparticles |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
cTnI | cardiac troponin I |
CVD | chemical vapor deposition |
CYFRA21-1 | cytokeratin 19 fragments |
DHEA-S | dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate |
EDC | 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide |
EGFR | epidermal growth factor receptor |
ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
Fab | antigen-binding fragments |
FET | field-effect transistor |
HER2 | human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 |
HBsAg | hepatitis B marker |
HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
InP | indium phosphide |
IDS | drain-source current |
IFN-γ | interferon-gamma |
IgE | immunoglobulin E |
IgG | immunoglobulin G |
IL-6 | interleukin-6 |
IL-8 | interleukin-8 |
ISFET | ion-sensitive field effect transistor |
LOD | limit of detection |
MCRL | microcystin-LR |
MoS2 | molybdenum disulfide |
MWCNT | multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
NHS | N-hydroxysuccinimide |
NSE | neuron-specific enolase |
OPN | osteopontin |
P3HT | poly-3-hexyl thiophene |
PBASE | 1-pyrene butanoic acid succinimidyl ester |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
PDMS | polydimethylsiloxane |
PoC | point-of-care |
PSA | prostate specific antigen |
PSA-ACT | Prostate specific antigen/α1-antichymotrypsin |
RIA | radioimmunoassay |
RGO | reduced graphene oxide |
SAM | self-assembled monolayers |
SELEX | selection evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment |
SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
SiNG | silicon nanogratings |
SiNW | silicon nanowire |
SWCNT | single-walled carbon nanotubes |
TiO2 | titanium dioxide |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor α |
TNT | 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene |
VDS | drain-source voltage |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
VG | gate voltage |
ZnO | zinc oxide |
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Target Analyte | Electroactive Nanomaterial | Range | Detection Limit | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
–H5N2 avian influenza virus | SiNW | 10−17–10−12 M | 10−17 M | [78] |
Hepatitis B marker (HBsAg) and cancer marker α-fetoprotein (AFP) | SiNW | - | 10−14 M for HBsAg and 10−15 M for AFP | [79] |
Human thyroid stimulating hormone | SiNW | 0.02–30 mIU·L−1 | 0.02 mIU·L−1 | [61] |
Biomarkers of oral squamous cell carcinoma Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) | SiNW | 1 fg·mL−1–1 ng·mL−1 | 10 fg·mL−1 in PBS and 100 fg·mL−1 in saliva | [55] |
Cancer biomarkers cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) | SiNW | 1 fg·mL−1–1 ng·mL−1 | 1 fg·mL−1 in buffer solution and 10 fg·mL−1 in undiluted human serums | [47] |
Prostate cancer biomarker PSA | SiNW | 5 fg·mL−1–500 pg·mL−1 | 5 fg·mL−1 in buffer and desalted serum | [48] |
AFP and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) primary hepatic carcinoma biomarkers | SiNW | 500 fg·mL−1–50 ng·mL−1 for AFP and 50 fg·mL−1–10 ng·mL−1 for CEA | 500 fg·mL−1 for AFP and 50 fg·mL−1 for CEA | [54] |
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) biomarker for acute myocardial infarction | SiNW | 0.092 ng·mL−1–46 ng·mL−1 | 0.092 ng·mL−1 | [60] |
Cardiac disease biomarker cTnI | SiNW | 5 pg·mL−1–5 ng·mL−1 | 5 pg·mL−1 | [59] |
C-reactive protein (CRP) inflammatory biomarker related with cardiovascular diseases | SWCNT | 10−4 to 102 µg·mL−1 | 10−4 µg·mL−1 | [58] |
Prostate cancer biomarker osteopontin (OPN) | SWCNT | 1 pg·mL−1–1 µg·mL−1 | 0.3 pg·mL−1 | [80] |
Pro-inflammatory cytokine and anti-inflammatory myokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) | SWCNT | 1 pg·mL−1–100 pg·mL−1 | 1.37 pg·mL−1 | [81] |
Stress biomarker cortisol in saliva | SWCNT | 1 pg·mL−1–1000 ng·mL−1 | 1 pg·mL−1 | [82] |
Lyme disease antigen | SWCNT | 1 ng·mL−1–3000 ng·mL−1 | 1 ng·mL−1 | [83] |
Prostate cancer biomarker OPN | SWCNT | 1 pg·mL−1–1 μg·mL−1 | 1 pg·mL−1 or 30 fM | [84] |
Alzheimer biomarker, amyloid-β | SWCNT | 10−12–10−9 g·mL−1 | 1 pg·mL−1 in human serum | [63] |
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4, multiple cancer types biomarker | Graphene | 0.01 fM–10 pM | 0.01 fM | [85] |
Pancreatic cancer biomarker, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) | Graphene | 0.01 unit·mL−1–1000 unit·mL−1 | 0.01 unit·mL−1 | [56] |
Prostate specific antigen/α1-antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT) complex | Graphene | 100 fg·mL−1–1 µg·mL−1 | 100 fg·mL−1 | [49] |
Breast cancer biomarkers human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) | SiO2/graphene | 100 pM–1 µM | 1 pM for HER2 and 100 pM for EGFR | [52] |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Graphene/CPPyNP | 1 pM–10 nM | 1 pM | [86] |
Bladder cancer biomarker, urinary APOA2 protein | Graphene/SiNW | 19.5 pg·mL−1–1.95 mg·mL−1 | 6.7 pg·mL−1 | [57] |
Prostate cancer biomarker PSA–ACT complex | Graphene/ZnO nanorods/TiO2 | 100 fg·mL−1–100 ng·mL−1 | 1 fM | [87] |
D-Dimer, biomarker of venous thromboembolism | Graphene/TiO2 | 10 pg·mL−1–100 ng·mL−1 | 10 pg·mL−1 in buffer and 100 pg·mL−1 in serum sample | [62] |
Prostate cancer biomarker PSA | MoS2 | 3.75 nM, 37.5 pM, and 375 fM | 375 fM | [51] |
Prostate cancer biomarker PSA | MoS2 | 1 pg·mL−1–10 ng·mL−1 | 1 pg·mL−1 | [50] |
Breast cancer biomarker EGFR | ZnO nanofilm | 10 fM–10 nM | 10 fM | [53] |
Prostate cancer biomarker PSA | Si nanobelt | 50 fg·mL−1–500 pg·mL−1 | 5 pg·mL−1 | [88] |
Index for diabetes, Hemoglobin-A1c | Au nanoparticles | 1.67 ng·mL−1–170.5 ng·mL−1 | in the order of ng·mL−1 | [65] |
Diabetes related hormone, insulin | Si nanogratings | 1 fM–1 nM | 10 fM in buffer and diluted human serum | [64] |
CRP inflammatory biomarker | P3HT polymer | 4 pM–2 μM | 2 pM | [89] |
Target Analyte | Electroactive Nanomaterial | Range | Detection Limit | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Food safety | ||||
Salmonella bacteria | SWCNT | 103–108 CFU·mL−1 | 103 CFU·mL−1 | [66] |
Escherichia coli foodborne pathogen | SWCNT | 102–105 CFU·mL−1 | 102 CFU·mL−1 | [71] |
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and bacteriophage viruses | SWCNT | 103–107 CFU·mL−1 for E. coli and 102–107 PFU·mL−1 for bacteriophage | 105 CFU·mL−1 for E. coli and 103 PFU·mL−1 for bacteriophage | [69] |
Cryptosporidium parvum intestinal parasitic protozoan | Graphene | 102–104 Cp. oocysts per 4 mL buffer | 25 Cp. oocysts per mL buffer | [73] |
Escherichia coli bacteria | Graphene | 10–105 CFU·mL−1 | 10 CFU·mL−1 | [70] |
Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteria | Graphene | 10–104 CFU·mL−1 | 10 CFU·mL−1 | [68] |
Food toxin aflatoxin B1 | Graphene | 10−4 ppt–1·ppt | 0.1 fg·mL−1 | [90] |
Rotavirus | Graphene | 0–105 PFU·mL−1 | 102 PFU·mL−1 | [72] |
Salmonella typhimurium bacteria | CeOx | 2–5 × 105 cells·mL−1 | 2–3 cells·mL−1 | [67] |
Environmental monitoring | ||||
Atrazine pesticide | SWCNT | 0.001–10 ng·mL−1 | 0.001 ng·mL−1 | [74] |
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides | SWCNT | 5 fM–500 µM | 500 fM in soil sample and 50 pM in buffer | [75] |
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) contamination | SWCNT | 0.5 ppb–5000 ppb | 0.5 ppb | [76] |
Microcystin-LR (cyanotoxin in surface waters) | SWCNT | 1–1000 ng·L−1 | 0.6 ng·L−1 | [91] |
Citrus tristeza virus and Xylella fastidiosa phytopathogens | InP | 60–340 ng·mL−1 for Citrus tristeza virus and 34–250 ng·mL−1 for Xylella fastidiosa | 2 nM for both phytopathogens | [77] |
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De Moraes, A.C. M.; Kubota, L.T. Recent Trends in Field-Effect Transistors-Based Immunosensors. Chemosensors 2016, 4, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors4040020
De Moraes ACM, Kubota LT. Recent Trends in Field-Effect Transistors-Based Immunosensors. Chemosensors. 2016; 4(4):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors4040020
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Moraes, Ana Carolina Mazarin, and Lauro Tatsuo Kubota. 2016. "Recent Trends in Field-Effect Transistors-Based Immunosensors" Chemosensors 4, no. 4: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors4040020