Nitrous Oxide and Methane Fluxes from Smallholder Farms: A Scoping Study in the Anjeni Watershed
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Site Description
2.2. Experimental Setup
2.3. Agronomic Practices on Plots
2.4. Gas Sampling and Flux Calculation
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Weather Characteristics
3.2. Nitrous Oxide (N2O-N) Emissions
3.3. Methane (CH4) Emissions
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
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Transect | Position | Plots | Elevation | Slope | Sand | Silt | Clay | OM | Pb | D |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(m a.s.l.) | (%) | (%) | (g·cm−3) | (m) | ||||||
One | Upslope | 1, 2, 3 | 2438 | 3.0 | 24.8 | 35.4 | 39.8 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 1.15 |
Mid-slope | 4, 5, 6 | 2431 | 2.5 | 31.7 | 28.0 | 40.3 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.22 | |
Down slope | 7, 8, 9 | 2411 | 1.5 | 23.6 | 36.7 | 39.6 | 2.2 | 1.1 | >1.3 | |
Two | Upslope | 10, 11, 12 | 2461 | 2.5 | 23.8 | 32.2 | 44.0 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 0.84 |
Mid-slope | 13, 14, 15 | 2426 | 2.0 | 17.8 | 39.0 | 43.2 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 1.09 | |
Down slope | 16, 17, 18 | 2415 | 1.0 | 24.7 | 36.3 | 39.0 | 2.4 | 1.3 | >1.3 | |
Three | Upslope | 19, 20, 21 | 2455 | 3.0 | 21.0 | 37.7 | 41.4 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.33 |
Mid-slope | 22, 23, 24 | 2438 | 2.0 | 30.6 | 37.4 | 32.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.72 |
Transect | Elevation | Control | Charcoal | Lupine | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Mean (±SE) | Range | Mean (±SE) | Range | Mean (±SE) | ||
(μg·m−2·h−1) | |||||||
Transect 1 | Upslope | −48.9–51.5 | 9.3 ± 21.3 | 20.4–139.8 | 101.1 ± 27.7 | −27.4–135.6 | 48.9 ± 34 |
Mid-slope | 35.5–212 | 93.7 ± 41.5 | −117.5–41.3 | −20.7 ± 34.7 | 74.3–180.8 | 127.6 ± 25 | |
Downslope | −29.5–188.8 | 77.7 ± 49.4 | −270.9–305.1 | 33.2 ± 118.1 | 290.5–307.1 | 296.5 ± 5.3 | |
Transect 2 | Upslope | −6.3–126.7 | 51.9 ± 34 | −43.1–6.7 | −13.7 ± 12.2 | −91.9–165.2 | 15.5 ± 77.2 |
Mid-slope | −53.3–36.1 | −17.8 ± 27.4 | 26.5–183.3 | 99.4 ± 45.6 | −116.5–193.2 | 32.8 ± 89.6 | |
Downslope | −148.4–56 | −30.4 ± 61.1 | 6.2–522.3 | 182.1 ± 170.1 | 38.5–163.7 | 90.8 ± 37.6 | |
Transect 3 | Upslope | −179.9–84.6 | 0.1 ± 60.6 | −26.2–114.5 | 48.4 ± 30.4 | −95.1–139.1 | 18 ± 47.9 |
Mid-slope | −6–118.4 | 43.2 ± 27.1 | −275–70.4 | −30.9 ± 81.7 | −65–141.8 | 38.4 ± 54.1 | |
Average | 32 ±15.2 | 43.8 ± 26.3 | 79.9 ± 22.2 |
Control | Charcoal | Lupine | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transect | Elevation | Range | Mean ± SE | Range | Mean ± SE | Range | Mean ± SE |
Transect 1 | Upslope | −35.1–105.4 | 34.6 ± 36.5 | −13.8–22.5 | 10.6 ± 8.3 | −185.8–42.7 | −52.4 ± 48.6 |
Mid-slope | −47.9–62.5 | −2.4 ± 25 | −92.6–98 | −4 ± 40.7 | −33.1–103.5 | 46.2 ± 33.1 | |
Downslope | 36.2–172.1 | 95.7 ± 28.9 | −206.7–114.6 | −69.3 ± 78 | −169–124.7 | −18.6 ± 84.9 | |
Transect 2 | Upslope | −9.8–43.8 | 15 ± 11.8 | −15.4–20.1 | 3.5 ± 8.1 | −40.1–106.5 | 11.7 ± 47.5 |
Mid-slope | −13.7–24.1 | 5.9 ± 10.9 | −47.1–−9.3 | −33.1 ± 12 | −45.7–113 | 22.9 ± 47 | |
Downslope | −114.2–20.3 | −45.8 ± 38.9 | −196.1–19.5 | −94.7 ± 62.6 | −34.7–16.2 | −9.9 ± 14.7 | |
Transect 3 | Upslope | −35.4–52.3 | −2.6 ± 20.6 | −9.3–102.8 | 45.7 ± 22.9 | −33.2–174.5 | 44.7 ± 45 |
Mid-slope | −50.9–264.4 | 53.9 ± 71.9 | −23.1–73.4 | 4.8 ± 23 | −29.5–61.9 | 0.8 ± 20.8 | |
Average | 21.9 ± 13.5 | −13.9 ± 14.5 | 6.3 ± 15.1 |
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Bayabil, H.K.; Stoof, C.R.; Mason, C.; Richards, B.K.; Steenhuis, T.S. Nitrous Oxide and Methane Fluxes from Smallholder Farms: A Scoping Study in the Anjeni Watershed. Climate 2016, 4, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040062
Bayabil HK, Stoof CR, Mason C, Richards BK, Steenhuis TS. Nitrous Oxide and Methane Fluxes from Smallholder Farms: A Scoping Study in the Anjeni Watershed. Climate. 2016; 4(4):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040062
Chicago/Turabian StyleBayabil, Haimanote K., Cathelijne R. Stoof, Cedric Mason, Brian K. Richards, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. 2016. "Nitrous Oxide and Methane Fluxes from Smallholder Farms: A Scoping Study in the Anjeni Watershed" Climate 4, no. 4: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4040062