Grassland Growth in Response to Climate Variability in the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods Summary
3. Results
3.1. Relationship between Phenology Metrics and Temperature
3.2. Relationship between Phenology Metrics and Rainfall
3.3. Phenology and Productivity Patterns
Elevation Zones | Temperature (°C) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DJFT | MAMT | JJAT | SONT | ANNT | |||||||||||
µ | σs | σt | µ | σs | σt | µ | σs | σt | µ | σs | σt | µ | σs | σt | |
Zone 1 | 21.6 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 40.1 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 37.9 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 35.8 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 33.8 | 1.8 | 0.7 |
Zone 2 | 18.9 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 38.0 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 37.8 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 34.7 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 32.3 | 1.8 | 0.6 |
Zone 3 | 11.6 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 31.9 | 4.0 | 1.9 | 36.6 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 30.3 | 3.5 | 0.8 | 27.6 | 4.0 | 0.7 |
Zone 4 | 7.1 | 5.3 | 1.5 | 28.0 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 34.6 | 4.3 | 0.9 | 27.6 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 24.3 | 4.6 | 0.9 |
Zone 5 | 2.2 | 4.7 | 1.7 | 24.4 | 5.0 | 2.3 | 32.8 | 4.6 | 1.3 | 24.8 | 4.4 | 0.9 | 21.1 | 4.7 | 1.0 |
Zone-6 | −1.0 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 20.5 | 6.1 | 2.3 | 29.5 | 5.9 | 1.4 | 21.6 | 4.9 | 0.9 | 17.7 | 5.4 | 1.0 |
Zone 7 | −8.0 | 4.4 | 1.2 | 9.6 | 6.3 | 1.9 | 19.2 | 6.0 | 1.3 | 13.5 | 4.7 | 0.8 | 8.6 | 5.3 | 0.9 |
Zone 8 | −11.1 | 3.5 | 1.1 | 5.8 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 17.2 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 11.7 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 0.9 |
Zone 9 | −12.9 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 16.9 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 10.7 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 0.9 |
Zone 10 | −14.1 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 16.1 | 3.7 | 2.0 | 8.9 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 0.9 |
Elevation Zones | Rainfall (mm) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DJFR | MAMR | JJAR | SONR | ANNR | |||||||||||
µ | σs | σt | µ | σs | σt | µ | σs | σt | µ | σs | σt | µ | σs | σt | |
Zone 1 | 30.2 | 8.9 | 18.3 | 32.7 | 8.8 | 14 | 66.2 | 9.3 | 37.7 | 16.4 | 4.4 | 9.6 | 145.6 | 7.8 | 79.6 |
Zone 2 | 36.1 | 10 | 20.1 | 38.3 | 9.8 | 18.1 | 56 | 11.9 | 34.8 | 15.3 | 5.6 | 9.6 | 145.7 | 9.3 | 82.7 |
Zone 3 | 43.7 | 17.2 | 19 | 43.6 | 16.7 | 18.8 | 45.7 | 20.9 | 26.7 | 15.5 | 7 | 9.8 | 148.6 | 15.4 | 74.3 |
Zone 4 | 38.4 | 16.6 | 16.4 | 39.7 | 15.8 | 14.9 | 36.7 | 17.5 | 20.5 | 12.8 | 6 | 8.2 | 127.6 | 14 | 59.9 |
Zone 5 | 34.1 | 13.7 | 15.2 | 36 | 12.7 | 15.4 | 27.7 | 11.6 | 20.5 | 10.6 | 4.1 | 7.5 | 108.3 | 10.5 | 58.6 |
Zone 6 | 35.2 | 15.7 | 15.5 | 38.8 | 14.2 | 15.9 | 27.7 | 11.9 | 14.9 | 11.3 | 4.7 | 8.3 | 112.9 | 11.6 | 54.6 |
Zone 7 | 47.8 | 20.5 | 19.3 | 53 | 19 | 19.5 | 46.1 | 23.8 | 19.5 | 16.8 | 7.2 | 11.9 | 163.7 | 17.6 | 70.2 |
Zone 8 | 46.2 | 20 | 17.5 | 53 | 19.3 | 18.4 | 43.8 | 22.9 | 18.2 | 15.7 | 6.9 | 10.3 | 158.8 | 17.2 | 64.3 |
Zone 9 | 37.4 | 16.3 | 14.1 | 45.7 | 17.1 | 17.3 | 34.6 | 17.3 | 14.8 | 12.5 | 5.1 | 7.8 | 130.2 | 14 | 54.1 |
Zone 10 | 33 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 40.7 | 15.7 | 17.7 | 26.8 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 10.8 | 3.8 | 7 | 111.4 | 11.2 | 49.3 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abbas, S.; Qamer, F.M.; Murthy, M.S.R.; Tripathi, N.K.; Ning, W.; Sharma, E.; Ali, G. Grassland Growth in Response to Climate Variability in the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. Climate 2015, 3, 697-714. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3030697
Abbas S, Qamer FM, Murthy MSR, Tripathi NK, Ning W, Sharma E, Ali G. Grassland Growth in Response to Climate Variability in the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. Climate. 2015; 3(3):697-714. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3030697
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbbas, Sawaid, Faisal M. Qamer, Manchiraju S.R. Murthy, Nitin K. Tripathi, Wu Ning, Eklabya Sharma, and Ghaffar Ali. 2015. "Grassland Growth in Response to Climate Variability in the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan" Climate 3, no. 3: 697-714. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3030697