Foliar Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Sulfate Boosts the Content of Bioactive Compounds in Habanero Peppers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Characteristics of the ZnO NPs Used in This Experiment
2.3. Preparation of Suspensions
2.4. Foliar Exposure to Zn
2.5. Growth of Habanero Pepper Plants and Greenhouse Conditions
2.6. Performance Variables and Relative Chlorophyll Content
2.7. Preparation for the Analysis of Habanero Pepper Fruits
2.7.1. Physicochemical Fruit Evaluations
2.7.2. Sample Preparation for Capsaicinoids, Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity Analysis
2.7.3. Capsaicinoids Extraction
2.7.4. Quantification of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin by HPLC
2.7.5. Scoville Heat Units Calculation
2.8. Extraction of Soluble and Bound Phenolic Compounds
2.8.1. Determination of Total Phenols
2.8.2. Determination of Total Flavonoids
2.8.3. Determination of Condensed Tannins
2.8.4. Antioxidant Capacity
2.9. Experimental design and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Growth of Pepper Plants
3.2. Relative Chlorophyll Content
3.3. Fruit Yield and Plant Biomass
3.4. Chromatic Characteristics
3.5. Quality of Habanero Pepper Fruit
3.6. Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin Content
3.7. Total Phenols, Total Flavonoids and Condensed Tannins
3.8. Antioxidant Capacity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments (mg L−1) | Number of Fruits | Average Fruit Weight (g) | Total Weight of Fruits (g) | Fresh Aerial Biomass (g) | Dry Aerial Biomass (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 54.20 ± 2.28 c | 8.80 ± 0.22 ab | 476.97 ± 23.74 ab | 893.85 ± 11.00 b | 294.80 ± 11.33 c |
ZnSO4 1000 | 58.50 ± 1.29 b | 9.12 ± 0.11 ab | 533.78 ± 11.93 ab | 905.09 ± 5.88 b | 310.81 ± 3.44 b |
ZnO NPs 1000 | 64.00 ± 2.24 a | 9.46 ± 0.12 a | 605.30 ± 17.27 a | 925.64 ± 4.09 a | 324.91 ± 5.09 a |
ZnSO4 2000 | 50.25 ± 1.50 d | 8.46 ± 0.07 b | 425.20 ± 11.19 b | 879.46 ± 5.99 c | 278.56 ± 8.59 d |
ZnO NPs 2000 | 46.80 ± 2.39 d | 8.29 ± 0.11 b | 387.99 ± 18.71 b | 868.22 ± 2.42 c | 264.42 ± 4.92 e |
Treatments (mg L−1) | Chromatic Parameter | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L* | a* | b* | C* | h | View | |
Control | 50.02 ± 1.08 b | 30.57 ± 1.93 a | 38.92 ± 1.33 b | 49.37 ± 1.97 b | 51.77 ± 1.46 a | |
ZnSO4 1000 | 51.29 ± 1.76 b | 32.06 ± 0.85 a | 41.98 ± 1.11 a | 50.77 ± 1.32 b | 52.33 ± 1.00 a | |
ZnO NPs 1000 | 51.99 ± 1.11 ab | 32.33 ± 1.45 a | 42.48 ± 2.13 a | 51.81 ± 0.76 ab | 53.71 ± 1.24 a | |
ZnSO4 2000 | 51.92 ± 1.46 ab | 32.07 ± 0.84 a | 41.91 ± 1.42 a | 51.75 ± 1.01 ab | 53.30 ± 1.25 a | |
ZnO NPs 2000 | 53.46 ± 1.15 a | 33.45 ± 1.20 a | 43.59 ± 1.47 a | 53.43 ± 1.64 a | 53.84 ± 1.44 a |
Treatments (mg L−1) | TA (%) | pH | Soluble Solids (%) | Firmness (N) | Cutting Force (N) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.119 ± 0.0050 d | 5.63 ± 0.114 a | 9.32 ± 0.79 d | 14.79 ± 0.63 b | 11.35 ± 0.83 a |
ZnSO4 1000 | 0.126 ± 0.0012 cd | 5.49 ± 0.030 b | 10.18 ± 0.38 c | 14.94 ± 0.65 ab | 11.39 ± 0.77 a |
ZnO NPs 1000 | 0.134 ± 0.0025 b | 5.42 ± 0.048 b | 10.77 ± 0.60 b | 15.11 ± 0.68 ab | 11.43 ± 0.64 a |
ZnSO4 2000 | 0.130 ± 0.0020 bc | 5.50 ± 0.025 b | 10.48 ± 0.52 bc | 15.20 ± 0.63 ab | 11.36 ± 0.72 a |
ZnO NPs 2000 | 0.155 ± 0.0055 a | 5.40 ± 0.040 b | 11.33 ± 0.72 a | 15.35 ± 0.54 a | 11.32 ± 0.47 a |
Treatments (mg L−1) | Total Phenolics (mgGAE kg−1) | Total Flavonoids (mgCatE kg−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free | Bound | Total | Free | Bound | Total | |
Control | 1154.85 ± 10.55 b | 113.50 ± 4.30 b | 1286.35 b | 114.35 ± 5.52 b | 69.30 ± 2.71 c | 183.65 b |
ZnSO4 1000 | 1168.44 ± 17.76 b | 122.11 ± 6.55 b | 1290.55 b | 116.95 ± 10.22 b | 79.28 ± 5.83 bc | 196.24 b |
ZnO NPs 1000 | 1293.42 ± 28.30 a | 149.34 ± 6.45 a | 1442.76 a | 144.63 ± 9.53 a | 92.54 ± 5.39 ab | 237.17 a |
ZnSO4 2000 | 1176.24 ± 15.61 b | 123.68 ± 4.98 b | 1299.93 b | 119.73 ± 6.89 a | 76.62 ± 4.43 c | 196.35 b |
ZnO NPs 2000 | 1347.41 ± 30.06 a | 157.18 ± 7.58 a | 1504.60 a | 155.01 ± 8.04 a | 96.50 ± 6.20 a | 251.50 a |
Treatments (mg L−1) | ABTS (mmolTE kg−1) | DPPH (mmolTE kg−1) | FRAP (mmolTE kg−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free | Bound | Free | Bound | Free | Bound | |
Control | 76.60 ± 3.19 b | 6.68. ± 4.30 c | 112.97 ± 5.52 b | 32.32 ± 2.71 c | 172.75 ± 4.68 b | 61.50 ± 3.25 b |
ZnSO4 1000 | 83.33 ± 3.18 ab | 7.95 ± 6.55 b | 121.67 ± 10.22 b | 35.60 ± 5.83 c | 180.86 ± 5.19 b | 65.19 ± 3.51 b |
ZnO NPs 1000 | 86.77 ± 2.75 a | 8.75 ± 6.45 ab | 154.98 ± 9.53 a | 49.70 ± 5.39 b | 198.22 ± 5.14 a | 80.51 ± 0.66 a |
ZnSO4 2000 | 81.08 ± 3.18 ab | 8.12 ± 4.98 b | 130.31 ± 6.89 b | 38.19 ± 4.43 c | 180.30 ± 6.73 b | 67.61 ± 3.08 b |
ZnO NPs 2000 | 89.14 ± 2.96 a | 9.35 ± 7.58 a | 156.55 ± 8.04 a | 56.61 ± 6.20 a | 212.21 ± 8.35 a | 83.85 ± 1.97 a |
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García-López, J.I.; Niño-Medina, G.; Olivares-Sáenz, E.; Lira-Saldivar, R.H.; Barriga-Castro, E.D.; Vázquez-Alvarado, R.; Rodríguez-Salinas, P.A.; Zavala-García, F. Foliar Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Sulfate Boosts the Content of Bioactive Compounds in Habanero Peppers. Plants 2019, 8, 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080254
García-López JI, Niño-Medina G, Olivares-Sáenz E, Lira-Saldivar RH, Barriga-Castro ED, Vázquez-Alvarado R, Rodríguez-Salinas PA, Zavala-García F. Foliar Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Sulfate Boosts the Content of Bioactive Compounds in Habanero Peppers. Plants. 2019; 8(8):254. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080254
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-López, Josué I., Guillermo Niño-Medina, Emilio Olivares-Sáenz, Ricardo H. Lira-Saldivar, Enrique Díaz Barriga-Castro, Rigoberto Vázquez-Alvarado, Pablo A. Rodríguez-Salinas, and Francisco Zavala-García. 2019. "Foliar Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Sulfate Boosts the Content of Bioactive Compounds in Habanero Peppers" Plants 8, no. 8: 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080254