Biology and Function of miR159 in Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MiR159 is Strongly Conserved and Highly Abundant Throughout the Plant Kingdom
3. GAMYB and GAMYB-like Genes are the Only Conserved Targets of miR159
4. The miR159-GAMYB Pathway in Arabidopsis
5. Conserved RNA Secondary Structures in MYB33/65 Promote miR159-Mediated Silencing
6. The Function of miR159-MYB Pathway in Plant Development
6.1. A Role in Male Reproductive Development
6.2. A Role in Seed Development
6.3. The Role of miR159-GAMYB Pathway in Vegetative Tissues
6.4. A Role of miR159 in Controlling GA-Mediated Flowering-Time and Growth?
6.5. Fruit and Reproductive Development
7. The Function of the miR159-MYB Pathway in Plant Stress
7.1. Abiotic Stress
7.2. Biotic Stress
8. Conclusions and Some Unresolved Questions
- Why are MYB33 and MYB65 transcribed in vegetative tissues where failure to fully repress them results in a detrimental effect? What selective advantage does this give the plant?
- One hypothesis is that if miR159 is inhibited by a certain trigger, and strong MYB33/65 expression occurs, growth inhibition (or another unknown process) may result in a beneficial outcome (e.g., drought conditions to slow growth). However, currently, no triggers to inhibit miR159 to enable strong MYB expression are known.
- A second hypothesis would be that MYB33/65 are not silenced in all vegetative tissues, but in certain cells they are expressed where they confer a selective advantage. Some evidence suggests GAMYB is involved in the transition to flowering, and VPC in Arabidopsis. But currently there is much conflicting data. For instance in Arabidopsis, overexpressing miR159 represses flowering-time, and inhibition of miR159 represses VPC. Other studies have found no role for miR159 in flowering. More work is needed here to clarify these roles, and how conserved they are across species.
- Why is expression of GAMYB in vegetative tissues deleterious and how does it inhibit growth? What down-stream events are these genes triggering? Although some studies have started to address this, more work is needed for a clearer understanding.
- Is GAMYB function related to the way it is regulated, i.e., strongly transcribed, only to then be strongly silenced by miR159? Does miR159 have a role in stress response? Again, many studies have identified changes to miR159 levels in response to a host of different biotic/abiotic stresses, but currently there is no clearly defined role for this miR159 concerning stress tolerance/response.
- How does the conserved RNA secondary structure associated with the miR159-binding sites of GAMYB genes promote their silencing by miR159? Can this structure facilitate a complex regulatory mechanism, enabling strong silencing in some tissues, but poor silencing in others, depending on a dynamic secondary structure configuration? i.e., acting like a riboswitch concerning silencing.
- What is the role of miR159-mediate regulation on non-GAMYB targets? For example, DUO1 has a conserved miR159-binding site, but the role of miR159 in controlling the expression of this gene remains unclear.
- What is the role of miR159 in female fertility? Why are Arabidopsis mir159ab seeds small and misshapen (likewise rice STTM159 grains are small)? Why does the central cell still divide in some mir159abc ovules? How can a seed still form (from mir159abc pollen) with a viable embryo when the endosperm divisions stop apparently so early?
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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At Number | Score | Name | 5’-RACE | Degradome | miR159 OE | miR159ab | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AT4G37770 | 1.5 | ACS8 | [53] | [13] | ||
2 | AT2G32460 | 2 | MYB101 | [15,17,53] | [13] | ||
3 | AT3G60460 | 2 | DUO1 | [15,17,53] | |||
4 | AT2G26950 | 2 | MYB104 | ||||
5 | AT4G26930 | 2 | MYB97 | ||||
6 | AT5G06100 | 2.5 | MYB33 | [15,23] | [25,42] | [52] | [14,41] |
7 | AT3G11440 | 2.5 | MYB65 | [23] | [25,42] | [14,41] | |
8 | AT2G34010 | 2.5 | MRG1 | [53] | [42] | ||
9 | AT2G21600 | 2.5 | RER1B | ||||
10 | AT5G55020 | 2.5 | MYB120 | [15] | [13] | ||
11 | AT4G27330 | 2.5 | SPL | ||||
12 | AT5G27395 | 2.5 | Tim44-related | ||||
13 | AT3G61740 | 3 | SDG14, ATX3 | ||||
14 | AT1G29010 | 3 | MRG-LIKE | ||||
15 | AT4G31240 | 3 | NRX2 | ||||
16 | AT2G26960 | 3 | MYB81 | [15] | |||
17 | AT2G22810 | 3 | ACS4 | ||||
18 | AT3G08850 | 3 | RAPTOR1B | ||||
19 | AT5G55930 | 3.5 | OPT1 | [13] | [13] | [41] | |
20 | AT2G44450 | 3.5 | beta gluc 15 |
Species | Approach | Phenotype | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Arabidopsis | T-DNA mir159ab mutant | Pleiotropic defects, stunted growth, curled leaves, reduced apical dominance. | [14] |
Arabidopsis | T-DNA mir159c mutant | none | [15] |
Arabidopsis | T-DNA mir159abc mutant | Perturbed fertilization | [51] |
Arabidopsis | MIM159 mimic–loss-of-function. | Pleiotropic defects, stunted growth, curled leaves, defective sepals, petals and anthers. | [58,59] |
Arabidopsis (Col-0) | miR159a overexpression | Male sterility | [13] |
Arabidopsis (Ler) | miR159a overexpression | Male sterility, delayed flowering-time | [52] |
Arabidopsis | T-DNA myb33.myb65 mutant | Male sterile | [43] |
Arabidopsis | T-DNA myb33 mutant | Altered phase change | [60] |
Rice | STTM159 mimic–loss-of-function. | Stunted growth, curled leaves, smaller seeds | [61,62] |
Rice | miR159 overexpression | Delayed heading, shorten internode I, malformed flowers, male sterility. | [63] |
Rice | gamyb-1 insertion mutant | Male sterility | [64] |
Barley | miR159 overexpression | Male sterility | [65] |
Wheat | miR159 overexpression | Delayed heading, male sterility, increased tillering. | [66] |
Gloxinia | MIM159 mimic loss-of-function, miR159 over-expression (OE). | Accelerated flowering (MIM159) or delayed flowering (miR159 OE) | [67] |
Tomato | miR159 overexpression | Fruit set, parthenocarpy, ovule development, seedless fruits | [35] |
Cucumber | RNAi against GAMYB | Altered ratio of male to female flowers | [68] |
Strawberry | RNAi against GAMYB | Inhibition of receptacle ripening | [69] |
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Millar, A.A.; Lohe, A.; Wong, G. Biology and Function of miR159 in Plants. Plants 2019, 8, 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080255
Millar AA, Lohe A, Wong G. Biology and Function of miR159 in Plants. Plants. 2019; 8(8):255. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080255
Chicago/Turabian StyleMillar, Anthony A., Allan Lohe, and Gigi Wong. 2019. "Biology and Function of miR159 in Plants" Plants 8, no. 8: 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080255