Extreme Ultraviolet Spectra of Few-Times Ionized Tungsten for Divertor Plasma Diagnostics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. EBIT Spectroscopy
2.1. Survey Measurements
2.2. High-Resolution Measurements
Sequence | (Å) | (Å) [16] | Lower level [16] | Upper level [16] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ho | 194.530(15) | 194.527(5) | ||
194.653(15) | ||||
196.096(15) | 196.093(5) | |||
197.838(15) | 197.835(5) | |||
198.176(15) | 198.171(5) | |||
198.233(15) | 198.229(5) | |||
198.782(15) | 198.779(5) | |||
199.881(15) | 199.875(5) | |||
200.371(15) | 200.367(5) | |||
200.487(15) | 200.483(5) | |||
200.793(15) | 200.787(5) | |||
201.085(15) | 201.079(5) | |||
201.209(15) | 201.205(5) | |||
201.743(15) | 201.739(5) | |||
201.869(15) | 201.864(5) | |||
204.490(15) | ||||
205.221(15) | 205.221(5) | |||
205.480(15) | 205.479(5) | |||
207.994(10) | ||||
208.417(10) | 208.420(5) | |||
211.031(10) | 211.027(5) | |||
214.235(10) | 214.229(5) | |||
Tm | 219.461(10) | |||
220.839(10) | ||||
221.454(10) | ||||
222.053(10) | ||||
222.879(10) |
3. Spectral Analysis
3.1. Theoretical Atomic Data
3.2. Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Clementson, J.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Lennartsson, T. Atomic data of tungsten for current and future uses in fusion and plasma science. AIP Conf. Proc. 2013, 1525, 78–83. [Google Scholar]
- Beiersdorfer, P.; May, M.J.; Scofield, J.H.; Hansen, S.B. Atomic physics and ionization balance of high-Z ions: Critical ingredients for characterizing and understanding high-temperature plasmas. High Energy Density Phys. 2012, 8, 271–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kramida, A.E.; Reader, J. Ionization energies of tungsten ions: W2+ through W71+. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 2006, 92, 457–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kramida, A.E.; Shirai, T. Compilation of wavelengths, energy levels, and transition probabilities for W i and W ii. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2006, 35, 423–683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kramida, A.E.; Shirai, T. Energy levels and spectral lines of tungsten, W iii through W lxxiv. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 2009, 95, 305–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kramida, A. Recent progress in spectroscopy of tungsten. Can. J. Phys. 2011, 89, 551–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Churilov, S.S.; Kildiyarova, R.R.; Joshi, Y.N. Analyses of the 5d2-5d7p transitions in the Ta iv and W v spectra. Can. J. Phys. 1996, 74, 145–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kildiyarova, R.R.; Churilov, S.S.; Joshi, Y.N. Analysis of the 5d5f configuration of trebly ionized tantalum and quadruply ionized tungsten: Ta iv and W v. Phys. Scr. 1996, 53, 454–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meijer, F.G. The sixth spectrum of tungsten, W vi. Physica 1974, 73, 415–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaufman, V.; Sugar, J. Wavelengths, classifications, and ionization energies in the isoelectronic sequences from Yb ii and Yb iii through Bi xv and Bi xvi. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1976, 66, 1019–1025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sugar, J.; Kaufman, V. Identification of 5g and 6g terms and revised ionization energies in the Yb ii 4f14nl isoelectronic sequence. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1979, 69, 141–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Müller, A.; Schippers, S.; Kilcoyne, A.L.D.; Esteves, D. Photoionization of tungsten ions with synchrotron radiation. Phys. Scr. 2011, 2011, 014052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sugar, J.; Kaufman, V. Seventh spectrum of tungsten (W vii); resonance lines of Hf v. Phys. Rev. A 1975, 12, 994–1012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wyart, J.F.; Kaufman, V.; Sugar, J. The 4f135f configuration in the isoelectronic sequence of Yb iii. Phys. Scr. 1981, 23, 1069–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryabtsev, A.N.; Kononov, E.Y.; Kildiyarova, R.R.; Tchang-Brillet, W.-Ü.L.; Wyart, J.-F. 4f135s25p6–4f135s25p56s transitions in the W viii spectrum and spectra of isoelectronic hafnium, tantalum, and rhenium ions. Opt. Spectrosc. 2012, 113, 109–114. [Google Scholar]
- Ryabtsev, A.N.; Kononov, E.Y.; Kildiyarova, R.R.; Tchang-Brillet, W.-Ü.L.; Wyart, J.-F. The spectrum of seven times ionized tungsten (W vii relevant to tokamak divertor plasmas. Phys. Scr. 2013, 87, 045303. [Google Scholar]
- Veres, G.; Bakos, J.S.; Kardon, B. Energy levels and the vacuum ultraviolet spectrum of W viii. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 1996, 56, 295–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clementson, J.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Magee, E.W.; McLean, H.S.; Wood, R.D. Tungsten spectroscopy relevant to the diagnostic of ITER divertor plasmas. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 2010, 43, 144009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biedermann, C.; Radtke, R.; Schwob, J.-L.; Mandelbaum, P.; Doron, R.; Fuchs, T.; Fußmann, G. EUV spectroscopy of highly charged tungsten ions relevant to hot plasmas. Phys. Scr. 2001, 2001, 85–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Radtke, R.; Biedermann, C.; Schwob, J.L.; Mandelbaum, P.; Doron, R. Line and band emission from tungsten ions with charge 21+ to 45+ in the 45–70-Å range. Phys. Rev. A 2001, 64, 012720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biedermann, C.; Radtke, R.; Seidel, R.; Pütterich, T. Spectroscopy of highly charged tungsten ions relevant to fusion plasmas. Phys. Scr. 2009, 2009, 014026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ralchenko, Y.; Reader, J.; Pomeroy, J.M.; Tan, J.N.; Gillaspy, J.D. Spectra of W39+–W47+ in the 12–20 nm region observed with an EBIT light source. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 2007, 40, 3861–3875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ralchenko, Y.; Draganić, I.N.; Tan, J.N.; Gillaspy, J.D.; Pomeroy, J.M.; Reader, J.; Feldman, U.; Holland, G.E. EUV spectra of highly-charged ions W54+–W63+ relevant to ITER diagnostics. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 2008, 41, 021003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ralchenko, Y.; Draganić, I.N.; Osin, D.; Gillaspy, J.D.; Reader, J. Spectroscopy of diagnostically important magnetic-dipole lines in highly charged 3dn ions of tungsten. Phys. Rev. A 2011, 83, 032517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fei, Z.; Zhao, R.; Shi, Z.; Xiao, J.; Qiu, M.; Grumer, J.; Andersson, M.; Brage, T.; Hutton, R.; Zou, Y. Experimental and theoretical study of the ground-state M1 transition in Ag-like tungsten. Phys. Rev. A 2012, 86, 062501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, M.L.; Li, W.X.; Zhao, Z.Z.; Yang, Y.; Xiao, J.; Brage, T.; Hutton, R.; Zou, Y. Review of highly charged tungsten spectroscopy research using low energy EBIT at the Shanghai EBIT laboratory. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 2015, 48, 144029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watanabe, H.; Nakamura, N.; Kato, D.; Nakano, T.; Ohtani, S. X-ray spectra from neon-like tungsten ions in the interaction with electrons. Plasma Fusion Res. 2007, 2, 027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sakaue, H.A.; Kato, D.; Ding, X.; Murakami, I.; Koike, F.; Nakano, T.; Yamamoto, N.; Ohashi, H.; Yatsurugi, J.; Nakamura, N. Spectroscopy of highly charged tungsten ions with electron beam ion traps. AIP Conf. Proc. 2012, 1438, 91–96. [Google Scholar]
- Utter, S.B.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Brown, G.V. Measurement of an unusual M1 transition in the ground state of Ti-like W52+. Phys. Rev. A 2000, 61, 030503(R). [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clementson, J.; Beiersdorfer, P. Wavelength measurement of n = 3 to n = 3 transitions in highly charged tungsten ions. Phys. Rev. A 2010, 81, 052509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clementson, J.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Brown, G.V.; Gu, M.F.; Lundberg, H.; Podpaly, Y.; Träbert, E. Tungsten spectroscopy at the Livermore electron beam ion trap facility. Can. J. Phys. 2011, 89, 571–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beiersdorfer, P.; Lepson, J.K.; Schneider, M.B.; Bode, M.P. L-shell X-ray emission from neonlike W64+. Phys. Rev. A 2012, 86, 012509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lennartsson, T.; Clementson, J.; Beiersdorfer, P. Experimental wavelengths for intrashell transitions in tungsten ions with partially filled 3p and 3d subshells. Phys. Rev. A 2013, 87, 062505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lepson, J.K.; Beiersdorfer, P. Low-energy operations of the Lawrence Livermore electron beam ion traps: Atomic spectroscopy of Si v, S vii and Ar ix. Phys. Scr. 2005, 2005, 62–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levine, M.A.; Marrs, R.E.; Henderson, J.R.; Knapp, D.A.; Schneider, M.B. The electron beam ion trap: A new instrument for atomic physics measurements. Phys. Scr. 1988, 1988, 157–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levine, M.A.; Marrs, R.E.; Bardsley, J.N.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Bennett, C.L.; Chen, M.H.; Cowan, T.; Dietrich, D.; Henderson, J.R.; Knapp, D.A.; et al. The use of an electron beam ion trap in the study of highly charged ions. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 1989, 43, 431–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beiersdorfer, P.; Behar, E.; Boyce, K.R.; Brown, G.V.; Chen, H.; Gendreau, K.C.; Graf, A.; Gu, M.-F.; Harris, C.L.; Kahn, S.M.; et al. Overview of the Livermore electron beam ion trap project. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 2003, 205, 173–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kelly, R.L. Atomic and ionic spectrum lines below 2000 Angstroms: Hydrogen through krypton. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1987, 16, 1–1678. [Google Scholar]
- Bromander, J. The spectrum of triply-ionized oxygen, O iv. Ark. Fys. 1969, 40, 257–274. [Google Scholar]
- Bockasten, K.; Johansson, K.B. Ark. Fys. 1968, 38, 563–584.
- Edlén, B. The oxygen spectrum below 200 Å and the high-limit terms of O iv. Phys. Scr. 1975, 11, 366–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beiersdorfer, P.; Crespo López-Urrutia, J.R.; Springer, P.; Utter, S.B.; Wong, K.L. Spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet on an electron beam ion trap. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1999, 70, 276–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graf, A.T.; Brockington, S.; Horton, R.; Howard, S.; Hwang, D.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Clementson, J.; Hill, D.; May, M.; Mclean, H.; et al. Spectroscopy on magnetically confined plasmas using electron beam ion trap spectrometers. Can. J. Phys. 2008, 86, 307–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clementson, J.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Magee, E.W. Grazing-incidence spectrometer on the SSPX spheromak. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2008, 79, 10F538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lepson, J.K.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Clementson, J.; Gu, M.F.; Bitter, M.; Roquemore, L.; Kaita, R.; Cox, P.G.; Safronova, A.S. EUV spectroscopy on NSTX. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 2010, 43, 144018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clementson, J.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Roquemore, A.L.; Skinner, C.H.; Mansfield, D.K.; Hartzfeld, K.; Lepson, J.K. Experimental setup for tungsten transport studies at the NSTX tokamak. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2010, 81, 10E326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Majeski, R.; Abrams, T.; Boyle, D.; Granstedt, E.; Hare, J.; Jacobson, C.M.; Kaita, R.; Kozub, T.; LeBlanc, B.; Lundberg, D.P.; et al. Particle control and plasma performance in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment. Phys. Plasmas 2013, 20, 056103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beiersdorfer, P.; Magee, E.W.; Träbert, E.; Chen, H.; Lepson, J.K.; Gu, M.-F.; Schmidt, M. Flat-field grating spectrometer for high-resolution soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet measurements on an electron beam ion trap. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2004, 75, 3723–3726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beiersdorfer, P.; Magee, E.W.; Brown, G.V.; Hell, N.; Träbert, E.; Widmann, K. Extended-range grazing-incidence spectrometer for high-resolution extreme ultraviolet measurements on an electron beam ion trap. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2014, 85, 11E422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Safronova, U.I.; (University of Nevada, USA). Personal Communications.
- Safronova, U.I.; Safronova, A.S.; Beiersdorfer, P. Excitation energies, radiative and autoionization rates, dielectronic satellite lines, and dielectronic recombination rates for excited states of Yb-like W. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 2012, 45, 085001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cowan, R.D. The Theory of Atomic Structure and Spectra; University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA, 1981. [Google Scholar]
- Skinner, C.H. Atomic physics in the quest for fusion energy and ITER. Phys. Scr. 2009, 2009, 014022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wenzel, U.; (Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Germany). Personal Communication, 2014.
- Barnard, H.S.; Lipschultz, B.; Whyte, D.G. A study of tungsten migration in the Alcator C-Mod divertor. J. Nucl. Mater. 2011, 415, S301–S304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Clementson, J.; Lennartsson, T.; Beiersdorfer, P. Extreme Ultraviolet Spectra of Few-Times Ionized Tungsten for Divertor Plasma Diagnostics. Atoms 2015, 3, 407-421. https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms3030407
Clementson J, Lennartsson T, Beiersdorfer P. Extreme Ultraviolet Spectra of Few-Times Ionized Tungsten for Divertor Plasma Diagnostics. Atoms. 2015; 3(3):407-421. https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms3030407
Chicago/Turabian StyleClementson, Joel, Thomas Lennartsson, and Peter Beiersdorfer. 2015. "Extreme Ultraviolet Spectra of Few-Times Ionized Tungsten for Divertor Plasma Diagnostics" Atoms 3, no. 3: 407-421. https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms3030407