A Deeper Statistical Examination of Arrival Dates of Migratory Breeding Birds in Relation to Global Climate Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Species | Foraging Type | Skewness | Kurtosis | Migration Period |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris (Donovan)) | Aquatic | 0.240 | 3.354 * | April |
Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias (Rackett)) | Aquatic | 0.620 * | 4.667 * | April |
Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura (L.)) | Scavenger | 0.509 * | 3.757 * | March/April |
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus (L.)) | Raptor | 0.699 * | 4.687 * | April |
Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus Viellot)) | Raptor | −0.390 | 4.249 * | April |
American Kestrel (Falco sparverius L.) | Raptor | 0.449 * | 4.001 * | April |
Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus L.) | Ground predator | 0.873 * | 4.392 * | March/April |
Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularius (L.)) | Ground predator | 0.161 | 2.965 * | May |
Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata Ord) | Ground predator | 0.476 * | 2.861 * | April |
American Woodcock (Scoloplax minor Gmelin) | Ground predator | 1.231 * | 5.490 * | March/April |
Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica (L.)) | Aerial | 0.523 | 3.863 * | May |
Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris (L.)) | Nectarivore | 0.108 | 6.901 * | May |
Belted Kingfisher (Megaceryle torquata (L.)) | Aquatic | −0.636 | 5.357 * | April |
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius (L.)) | Scansorial | 1.479 * | 3.578 * | April |
Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus (L.)) | Scansorial | −0.783 | 7.253 * | April |
Eastern Wood-Pewee (C. virens (L.)) | Aerial | −0.729 | 6.373 * | May |
Least Flycatcher (E. minimus (Baird and Baird)) | Aerial | 0.283 | 3.745 * | May |
Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe (Latham)) | Aerial | 1.907 * | 5.463 * | March/April |
Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus (L.)) | Aerial | 0.582 | 4.525 * | May |
Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus (L.)) | Aerial | −0.518 | 6.045 * | May |
Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius (Wilson)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.478 | 3.832 * | April/May |
Warbling Vireo (V. gilvus Viellot) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.533 * | 2.883 * | May |
Red-eyed Vireo (V. olivaceus (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.335 | 5.247 * | May |
Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor (Viellot) | Aerial | 0.945 * | 4.166 * | April |
Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica L.) | Aerial | 0.173 | 3.037 * | May |
House Wren (Troglodytes aedon Viellot) | Ground predator | 0.277 | 3.239 * | May |
Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes L.) | Ground predator | 0.627* | 2.792* | April |
Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.454 | 3.725 * | April/May |
Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis (L.)) | Ground predator | 0.225 | 3.708 * | April |
Veery (Catharus fuscescens (Stephens)) | Ground predator | −0.181 | 3.808 * | May |
Hermit Thrush (C. guttatus (Pallas)) | Ground predator | 0.301 | 4.693 * | May |
Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin)) | Ground predator | 0.175 | 3.891 * | May |
Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis (L.)) | Ground predator | −0.637 | 8.439 * | May |
Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum (L.)) | Ground predator | 0.217 | 3.579 * | May |
Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.216 | 5.452 * | May |
Northern Waterthrush (Parkesia novaeboracensis (Gmelin)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.367 | 3.585 * | May |
Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.653 | 3.838 * | April/May |
Nashville Warbler (Oreothlypis ruficapilla (Wilson)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.804 * | 4.546 * | May |
Common Yellowthroat (G. trichas (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.928 * | 5.056 * | May |
American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.448 | 5.434 * | May |
Northern Parula (S. americana (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.098 | 5.056 * | May |
Magnolia Warbler (S. magnolia (Wilson)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.262 | 3.562 * | May |
Blackburnian Warbler (S. fusca (Forster)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.628 | 4.514 * | May |
Yellow Warbler (S. petechia (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.470 | 4.187 * | May |
Chestnut-sided Warbler (S. pensylvanica (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.629 | 4.823 * | May |
Black-throated Blue Warbler (S. caerulescens (Gmelin)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.652 * | 3.838 * | May |
Palm Warbler (S. palmarum (Wilson)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.579 | 3.824 * | April |
Pine Warbler(S. pinus (Wilson)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.651 | 4.208 * | April |
Yellow-rumped Warbler (S. coronata (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | −0.835 | 8.506 * | April/May |
Black-throated Green Warbler (S. virens (Gmelin)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.667 * | 4.061 * | May |
Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.320 | 3.429 * | May |
Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina (Bechstein)) | Granivore | −0.254 | 4.446 * | April |
Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis (Gmelin)) | Granivore | 0.014 | 3.676 * | April |
Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia (Wilson)) | Granivore | −0.792 | 8.560 * | Mar/April |
Swamp Sparrow (M. georgiana (Latham)) | Granivore | 0.094 | 3.426 * | April |
White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin)) | Granivore | −1.986 * | 7.842 * | April |
Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea (Gmelin)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.651 * | 3.746 * | May |
Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus (L.)) | Granivore | 0.764 | 6.092 * | May |
Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea (L.)) | Granivore | 0.157 | 3.026 * | May |
Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.)) | Ground predator | 0.605 | 7.210 * | May |
Red-winged Blackbird (Aegelaius phoeniceus (Müller)) | Ground predator | 1.483 * | 6.222 * | Mar |
Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna (L.)) | Ground predator | 1.992 | 2.583 * | April |
Common Grackle (Quisculus quiscala (L.)) | Ground predator | 1.426 * | 7.179 * | Mar |
Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula (L.)) | Leaf-gleaner | 0.010 | 7.857 * | May |
3. Results
Foraging type | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|
Aerial insectivore | 0.38 | 4.65 |
Aquatic feeder | 0.35 | 3.09 |
Gleaner | 0.45 | 4.59 |
Granivore | 0.32 | 5.48 |
Ground predator | 0.31 | 4.41 |
Nectarivore | 0.06 | 7.38 |
Piscivore | 0.22 | 4.13 |
Raptor | 0.03 | 4.90 |
Scansorial predator | 0.35 | 5.42 |
Scavenger | 0.51 | 3.76 |
Migration period | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|
March | 1.45 | 6.73 |
March/April | 0.57 | 4.65 |
April | 0.26 | 4.38 |
April/May | 0.24 | 4.57 |
May | −0.29 | 4.83 |
5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | |
---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 100 | |||
25% | 50 | 80 | ||
50% | 20 | 50 | 10 | |
75% | 20 | 30 | 40 | 100 |
5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | |
---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 88 | |||
25% | 38 | 81 | ||
50% | 25% | 43 | 88 | |
75% | 25 | 31 | 44 | 69 |
5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | |
---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 83 | |||
25% | 50 | 67 | ||
50% | 17 | 17 | 83 | |
75% | 0 | 0 | 17 | 67 |
5% | 10% | 25% | 50% | |
---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 87 | |||
25% | 58 | 84 | ||
50% | 26 | 55 | 77 | |
75% | 6 | 16 | 32 | 94 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
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Wilson, W.H., Jr. A Deeper Statistical Examination of Arrival Dates of Migratory Breeding Birds in Relation to Global Climate Change. Biology 2013, 2, 742-754. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2020742
Wilson WH Jr. A Deeper Statistical Examination of Arrival Dates of Migratory Breeding Birds in Relation to Global Climate Change. Biology. 2013; 2(2):742-754. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2020742
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilson, W. Herbert, Jr. 2013. "A Deeper Statistical Examination of Arrival Dates of Migratory Breeding Birds in Relation to Global Climate Change" Biology 2, no. 2: 742-754. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2020742
APA StyleWilson, W. H., Jr. (2013). A Deeper Statistical Examination of Arrival Dates of Migratory Breeding Birds in Relation to Global Climate Change. Biology, 2(2), 742-754. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2020742