Non-Noble Metal Oxide Catalysts for Methane Catalytic Combustion: Sonochemical Synthesis and Characterisation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Catalyst Preparation
3.3. Catalyst Characterisation
3.4. Catalytic Activity Tests
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- There is no correlation between the addition of stabiliser and the metal loading in any of the prepared catalyst samples.
- (2)
- The TEM analyses confirmed the decrease of particle sizes for the catalysts prepared via the sonochemical method with the addition of SDS.
- (3)
- XRD analysis partly confirmed the presence of oxidised metal nanoparticles. The determination of the catalysts’ structure was performed by µRaman analysis. The nanoparticles are in the form of PdO, Co3O4, CuO, and Cr2O3.
- (4)
- An SEM analysis in backscattered electron mode confirmed the presence of metal nanoparticles at the catalysts’ surfaces.
- (5)
- An SEM/EDS mapping revealed that the active metals (Pd, Co, Cr, and Cu) are uniformly dispersed over the catalyst.
- (6)
- The activity of the catalysts prepared via the sonochemical method is higher than the activity of their counterparts prepared by the incipient wetness method. SDS addition affects only the Pd-based catalyst, but this (about 50% of total activity) is eliminated using ultrasound irradiation.
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst | Solution | Sonication Time, h | Metal Content, (Pd, Co, Cu, Cr), wt % | SBET, (m2/g) | Vp Total (cm3/g) | Nanoparticle Size (DLS), nm | Specific Activity **, (mmol/gs) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pd/ZrO2 | 0.001 M Pd(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 3.43 ± 0.89 | 24.23 | 0.14 | 199 ± 121 | 2.43 × 10−2 |
Co/ZrO2 | 0.1 M Co(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 0.020 ± 0.001 | 22.91 | 0.15 | 241 ± 52 | 2.30 |
Cu/ZrO2 | 0.1 M Cu(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 24.76 | 0.15 | 356 ± 71 | 1.06 × 10−1 |
Cr/ZrO2 | 0.1 M Cr(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 22.93 | 0.15 | 172 ± 22 | 1.71 × 10−1 |
Pd/ZrO2/SDS | 0.001 M Pd(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 0.050 ± 0.002 | 25.10 | 0.12 | 324 ± 120 | 1.67 |
Co/ZrO2/SDS | 0.1 M Co(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 2.06 ± 0.07 | 24.97 | 0.11 | 400 ± 131 | 2.69 × 10−2 |
Cu/ZrO2/SDS | 0.1 M Cu(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 22.28 | 0.13 | 201 ± 80 | 4.55 × −2 |
Cr/ZrO2/SDS | 0.1 M Cr(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 1.44 ± 0.07 | 23.04 | 0.14 | 188 ± 34 | 2.97 × 10−2 |
ZrO2 | - | - | - | 29.6, 20–30 * | 0.16 | - |
Catalyst | Solution | Impregnation Time, h | Metal Content *, (Pd, Co, Cu, Cr), wt % | SBET, (m2/g) | Vp Total (cm3/g) | Specific Activity **, (mmol/gs) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pd/ZrO2/ref | 0.001 M Pd(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 3.5 | 48.57 | 0.23 | 2.38 × 10−2 |
Co/ZrO2/ref | 0.1 M Co(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 25.77 | 0.20 | 1.66 |
Cu/ZrO2/ref | 0.1 M Cu(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 0.3 | 39.77 | 0.23 | 8.85 × 10−2 |
Cr/ZrO2/ref | 0.1 M Cr(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 0.2 | 27.03 | 0.22 | 2.37 × 10−1 |
Pd/ZrO2/SDS/ref | 0.001 M Pd(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 32.26 | 0.25 | 5.98 × 10−1 |
Co/ZrO2/SDS/ref | 0.1 M Co(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 2.0 | 26.37 | 0.22 | 2.12 × 10−2 |
Cu/ZrO2/SDS/ref | 0.1 M Cu(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 0.9 | 29.79 | 0.22 | 5.16 × 10−2 |
Cr/ZrO2/SDS/ref | 0.1 M Cr(NO3)2 | 0.33 | 1.5 | 32.04 | 0.22 | 2.73 × 10−2 |
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Jodłowski, P.J.; Jędrzejczyk, R.J.; Chlebda, D.K.; Dziedzicka, A.; Kuterasiński, Ł.; Gancarczyk, A.; Sitarz, M. Non-Noble Metal Oxide Catalysts for Methane Catalytic Combustion: Sonochemical Synthesis and Characterisation. Nanomaterials 2017, 7, 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7070174
Jodłowski PJ, Jędrzejczyk RJ, Chlebda DK, Dziedzicka A, Kuterasiński Ł, Gancarczyk A, Sitarz M. Non-Noble Metal Oxide Catalysts for Methane Catalytic Combustion: Sonochemical Synthesis and Characterisation. Nanomaterials. 2017; 7(7):174. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7070174
Chicago/Turabian StyleJodłowski, Przemysław J., Roman J. Jędrzejczyk, Damian K. Chlebda, Anna Dziedzicka, Łukasz Kuterasiński, Anna Gancarczyk, and Maciej Sitarz. 2017. "Non-Noble Metal Oxide Catalysts for Methane Catalytic Combustion: Sonochemical Synthesis and Characterisation" Nanomaterials 7, no. 7: 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7070174