Facile Preparation and Characteristic Analysis of Sulfated Cellulose Nanofibril via the Pretreatment of Sulfamic Acid-Glycerol Based Deep Eutectic Solvents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. DES Sulfated Pretreatment
2.3. Nano-Fibrillation of Sulfated Cellulose
2.4. Preparation of Neat PVA and PVA/CNF Films
2.5. Characterizations
2.5.1. Characterizations of Sulfated Pulp
2.5.2. Characterizations of Sulfated CNF
2.5.3. Characterizations of PVA/CNF Films
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preparation of Sulfated CNF via DES
3.2. Characteristics of Sulfated Fibers
3.2.1. The Yields and Fiber Width of Sulfated Fibers
3.2.2. The Degree of Polymerization of Sulfated Fibers
3.2.3. The FTIR and Elemental Analysis Sulfated Fibers
3.3. Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibril
3.3.1. Water Retention Value and Energy Consumption of Cellulose Nanofibril
3.3.2. The Preparation Mechanism of Sulfated Cellulose Nanofibril
3.3.3. The Morphology and Size Dimensions of Cellulose Nanofibril
3.3.4. The Zeta Potential and Crystallinity of Cellulose Nanofibril
3.4. Characterization of Neat PVA and PVA/CNF Films
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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pH | Viscosity (mPa·s) | Melting Point (°C) |
---|---|---|
2.36 ± 0.03 | 1389 ± 2 | −63.6 ± 0.1 |
Sample | Sample | Sulfamic Acid:Cellulose Mass Ratio | Time (h) |
---|---|---|---|
Pulp-6-1 | CNF-6-1 | 1:6 | 1 |
Pulp-6-1.5 | CNF-6-1.5 | 1:6 | 1.5 |
Pulp-9-1 | CNF-9-1 | 1:9 | 1 |
Pulp-9-1.5 | CNF-9-1.5 | 1:9 | 1.5 |
Pulp-12-1 | CNF-12-1 | 1:12 | 1 |
Pulp-12-1.5 | CNF-12-1.5 | 1:12 | 1.5 |
Sample | Yield (%) | Width (µm) | DP | S (mmol/g) | 1 DS | Sample | ZP (mV) | CrI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Original cellulose pulp | - | 13.4 | 1012 | 0.00 | 0.00 | CNF | −18.3 | 64.0 |
Pulp-6-1 | 95.2 | 15.5 | 638 | 0.18 | 0.01 | CNF-6-1 | −29.4 | 61.7 |
Pulp-6-1.5 | 86.5 | 15.6 | 517 | 0.50 | 0.09 | CNF-6-1.5 | −30.2 | 60.2 |
Pulp-9-1 | 94.9 | 15.8 | 517 | 0.20 | 0.03 | CNF-9-1 | −31.0 | 57.6 |
Pulp-9-1.5 | 84.5 | 17.3 | 460 | 0.53 | 0.09 | CNF-9-1.5 | −31.8 | 54.5 |
Pulp-12-1 | 92.2 | 16.9 | 513 | 0.28 | 0.05 | CNF-12-1 | −31.3 | 54.8 |
Pulp-12-1.5 | 80.9 | 17.4 | 412 | 0.70 | 0.12 | CNF-12-1.5 | −35.2 | 53.3 |
Sample | Young’s Modulus (MPa) | Maximum Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|
PVA | 221 ± 74 | 11 ± 3 | 8.9 ± 0.4 |
PVA-CNF | 444 ± 68 | 19 ± 2 | 8.4 ± 0.2 |
PVA-CNF-6-1 | 569 ± 59 | 23 ± 2 | 7.5 ± 0.2 |
PVA-CNF-6-1.5 | 602 ± 81 | 31 ± 4 | 6.2 ± 0.1 |
PVA-CNF-9-1 | 576 ± 93 | 26 ± 3 | 7.2 ± 0.3 |
PVA-CNF-9-1.5 | 1493 ± 101 | 40 ± 5 | 5.8 ± 0.1 |
PVA-CNF-12-1 | 584 ± 76 | 27 ± 7 | 6.8 ± 0.8 |
PVA-CNF-12-1.5 | 1529 ± 128 | 44 ± 3 | 5.5 ± 0.4 |
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Li, W.; Xue, Y.; He, M.; Yan, J.; Lucia, L.A.; Chen, J.; Yu, J.; Yang, G. Facile Preparation and Characteristic Analysis of Sulfated Cellulose Nanofibril via the Pretreatment of Sulfamic Acid-Glycerol Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112778
Li W, Xue Y, He M, Yan J, Lucia LA, Chen J, Yu J, Yang G. Facile Preparation and Characteristic Analysis of Sulfated Cellulose Nanofibril via the Pretreatment of Sulfamic Acid-Glycerol Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(11):2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112778
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Weidong, Yu Xue, Ming He, Jiaqiang Yan, Lucian A. Lucia, Jiachuan Chen, Jinghua Yu, and Guihua Yang. 2021. "Facile Preparation and Characteristic Analysis of Sulfated Cellulose Nanofibril via the Pretreatment of Sulfamic Acid-Glycerol Based Deep Eutectic Solvents" Nanomaterials 11, no. 11: 2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112778