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Article

Unifying Themes in the Oeuvre of John M. Headley

Capstone Program and Theology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
Religions 2012, 3(4), 1094-1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel3041094
Submission received: 29 October 2012 / Revised: 3 November 2012 / Accepted: 6 November 2012 / Published: 20 November 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From the Renaissance to the Modern World)

Abstract

:
The great variety of historical figures and themes found in the published works of John Headley since 1963 reveal a unity of themes and values. The numerous persons whom Headley studied all envisioned a humane universal order even as they moved from theoretical reflection to actual political implementation. His more recent work holds up the European legacy of human rights, democracy, and freedom that have become a Western gift and challenge to non-Western cultures.

Voltaire famously pronounced that history is nothing but a pack of tricks that we play upon the dead. In this essay, I propose an historical interpretation of the work of John Headley, so you might say I am playing a pack of tricks on the living—but lest you misunderstand my intent, John, I wish you a hearty “Vivas, floreas, crescas.” So let us begin with a little riddle: what do an English Chancellor and an Imperial Chancellor have in common? Or, what do the reformer Luther and the counter-reformer archbishop of Milan have in common? The answer, of course, is that John Headley published books on all of them . . . and more.
Yet John once fretted to me that he feared his work showed a dilettante’s restlessness: he worried that he had moved from one subject to another without consistent focus. His comment marked a rare lapse in an otherwise judicious mind, for John’s work shows a deep unity of theme and of moral values. I’ll grant him the wide focus of a life spent in archives in Barcelona, Besançon, Brussels, Madrid, Naples, Rome, Seville, Turin, Vienna, and more, not to mention in this country the Houghton, Beinecke, John Carter Brown, Folger, Newberry, Huntington and other libraries. I’ll also grant that stunning array of figures cross the title pages of his works: Martin Luther, Thomas More, Mercurino Gattinara, Carlo Borromeo, Tommaso Campanella, as well as the great, often anonymous cartographers of the early modern age. Yet despite all their ostensible diversity, they point in unison to themes and values which not only sustained John’s scholarly energy for over half a century but which, as he has argued over this last decade, sustained the best of our civilization for over half a millennium.
For these individuals all shared a commitment to the aspirations to a universal order which they envisioned as humane and universal, whether under the aegis of church or of empire. Whether John studied transgressors against established power like Luther and Campanella, or conservators of an emerging new order like Gattinara and Borromeo, or someone in between the two like More, they all embodied that struggle at the core of European civilization for (as John phrased it) “a symbiosis between the particular and the general, the local and the universal” ([1], p. 12).
In each of their lives, John held up for us the bedeviling dialectical relationship between Utopian visions and political realities—between, if you will, eloquence and efficacy. For as eloquent as all of them were in articulating a theoretical vision of universal order, each of them (except Campanella) crossed the threshold out from the study and into the council chamber to carry his vision into the rough and tumble of swiftly changing political realities. In that dialectic between thought and action, these individuals still command our admiration, as John wrote, for “their prodigious work habits and their sensitive humanist minds” ([1], p. 142). They all shared a common inheritance of medieval legal or theological training that was undergoing a fresh invigoration by the Renaissance humanist re-thinking of spiritual, ecclesiastical, and political realities.
As these men of ideas became men of power, they carried with them what John calls “the continuing human urge to transcend the local [community] for a more inclusive [i.e., universalizing] order” ([2], p. vii) into a world that was collapsing into religious fragments while at the same time expanding into global empires. Again and again, John’s work chronicled how the intractable realities of the English court, the Imperial chancery, the archdiocese of Milan, the Lutheran princes, or the Spanish empire would force these learned statesmen to settle for modified success. In addition, each of them was constrained to come to terms with the perennial struggle between church and state. Indeed, as John once declared, “The continuing effort to distinguish the two jurisdictions [church and state] without their actual separation, to renegotiate this distinction between the sacred and the secular, becomes perhaps the most decisive feature of Western civilization” ([2], p. viii). Indeed, John epitomized European civilization when he wrote that, “The interlocking universalisms advanced first by the Stoic notion of cosmopolis on the one hand, [then later] reinforced by the re-presentation of Christ’s Body on the other, serve to inform the universalizing claims of each type of polity [i.e., church and state] in their … permutations throughout the classical/Christian development” ([2], p. vii) of European history. Thus it is no wonder that John revitalized our appreciation also of Campanella, who “reverted to an extreme statement of universal papal theocracy” ([2], p. vi). For, as John has frequently explained, that effort to distinguish church and state would become in later centuries the all-out struggle between a sacral world view and secularization ([2], p. vii). As he would come to insist in his later work, that universalism laid the groundwork for Europe’s highest contribution to world civilization.
In the midst of these themes, from the mid-1980s on, John’s work turned again and again to Spain and the theme of global Empire. Some of his most incisive review essays are about books on empire and imperialism that appeared in these decades [3,4,5,6,7]. Spain’s rapid acquisition of a truly worldwide dominion and its dynastic link to the Holy Roman Empire made its pursuit of universal order not simply a Utopian dream but a concrete bureaucratic priority. Then, as the years unfolded, John began unfolding maps, real ones conserved at the Folger, the Newberry, the John Carter Brown, and elsewhere. For, as he would emphasize, maps enshrine both practically and symbolically a vision of world order. Indeed, those early modern maps dramatize the dialectic between world order and practical political realities.
Headley’s interest in cartography took wings as it carried him to his recent book of 2008 [8]. The title of that book—The Europeanization of the World: On the Origins of Human Rights and Democracy—took me and others aback: the habitually reserved, buttoned-down John Headley imbued his latest work with an outspokenly political edge and message. John Headley, of all people, became engagé. His object in that book was to reaffirm “the uniqueness of the Western tradition in the creation of a common humanity” ([8], p. 217) beginning with “the Renaissance [which] decisively … prepared the global context for the European engagement of the world’s peoples” ([8], p. 1). For “deep within the recesses of the Western tradition,” he descried “a universalizing impulse … that surpasses its chief rivals, Islam and China. The West demolished barriers to define geography and peoples as well as [to create] intercontinental traffic, [and the] commerce to make a global community a necessity ([2], p. x). In this amazing book, John identified two European developments as Europe’s definitive gifts to the age of globalization, namely, first, “the idea of a common humanity as a single moral, biological totality…. with its program of natural, human rights” ([8], p. 2, phrase in re-arranged sequence) and second “the capacity for self-criticism and dissent [with its inherent idea of freedom]… which through a long historical process ultimately culminated in constitutional democracy … including … a free press, independent judicial review, and respect for the rule of law and the rights of minorities” ([8], pp. 2–3, phrase in re-arranged sequence).
John is aware of the deeper, somewhat darker dialectic of that European legacy, or as he calls it, the paradox. He wrote, “Admittedly, much in that [European] tradition did need criticism and reformulation” ([8], p. 5). He cited Diderot’s observation of Europe, “the paradox [whereby] the most arrogant of civilizations is at the same time the most radically given to criticism of itself” ([8], p. 4). Amplifying on Diderot, John wrote that “this paradox is trumped by another, even more astonishing—that the civilization that in its colonialism and imperialism gave us the most savage, inhuman treatments of indigenous populations, not to mention the ultimate inhumanity of Auschwitz, was the same that promoted the idea of a common humanity and programs of human rights accompanied subsequently by a myriad of private organizations that continue to address poverty, hunger, disease, and multifarious needs throughout the globe” ([8], p. 4). To the extent that that these latter benefits are true, the “principle for the universal integration of all human populations is the true European legacy” ([5], p. 887; [6], p. 887).
And yet, how close has the world come to that universal integration? Even as John praised the European, or Western,1 legacy of human rights, democracy, and freedom to dissent, he sounds the qui vive,2 the alarm at the threats to their viability, not least in the United States in the first decade of this century. In the 1990s he sounded notes of hopefulness, such as when he wrote “A more truly universal inclusive secular reading of earth’s peoples in some viable political community still awaits [us]” ([2], p. x). The hopefulness then turned, however, to a pervasive anxiety in the decade just ended, as seen especially in his frankly gloomy essay in Hedgehog Review that followed the book on Europeanization [9].
With the 2008 book on Europeanization, we might say that, at the pinnacle of his years John Headley himself has entered the company of the Utopian thinkers like More, Luther, and Campanella whom he so ably chronicled. He strains, he hopes, he exhorts, he coaxes his readers, as did they theirs, to hasten forward toward that brighter horizon of universal human rights within our grasp. Thus, the legacy of Utopian humanism revives itself in a moving, transmuted form in John Headley’s latest works. So I would close by adapting for John Headley words taken from W. H. Auden’s poem on William Butler Yeats:
  • In the nightmare of the dark
  • All the dogs of [warfare] bark
  • And the living nations wait
  • Each sequestered in its hate.
  • Follow, [scholar], follow right
  • To the bottom of the night
  • With your unconstraining voice
  • Still persuade us to rejoice . . .
  • In the deserts of the heart,
  • Let the healing fountain start,
  • In the prison of his days
Teach the free man how to praise.
([10], p. 249)3

References

  1. John M. Headley. The Emperor and His Chancellor: A Study of the Imperial Chancellery under Gattinara. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983. [Google Scholar]
  2. John M. Headley. Empire, Church, and World: The Quest for Universal Order, 1520-1640. Aldershot, UK: Variorum/Ashgate, 1997. [Google Scholar]
  3. John M. Headley. “Review of J. H. Elliott, The Count-Duke of Olivares: The Statesman in an Age of Decline. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.” The Sixteenth Century Journal 18 (1987): 589–90. [Google Scholar]
  4. John M. Headley. “Review of R. A. Stradling, Spain’s Struggle for Europe, 1598-1668. London, UK and Rio Grande, OH: Hambledon Press, 1994.” The Sixteenth Century Journal 27 (1996): 221–22. [Google Scholar]
  5. John M. Headley. “The Burden of European Imperialisms, 1500-1800. Review essay of Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain, and France, c. 1500-1800. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.” The International History Review 18 (1996): 873–87. [Google Scholar]
  6. John M. Headley. The same essay as in 5 above was re-published as entry XIV in Empire, Church, and World: The Quest for Universal Order, 1520-1640. Aldershot, UK: Variorum/Ashgate, 1997, Original pagination preserved. [Google Scholar]
  7. John M. Headley. “Review of James Muldoon, Empire and Order: The Concept of Empire, 800-1800. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.” The International History Review 22 (2000): 379–80. [Google Scholar]
  8. John M. Headley. The Europeanization of the World: On the Origins of Human Rights and Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. [Google Scholar]
  9. John M. Headley. “Secularization and the Universalizing Process.” The Hedgehog Review 11 (2009): 78–93. [Google Scholar]
  10. W. H. Auden. “In Memory of W. B. Yeats.” In Collected Poems. Edited by Edward Mendelson. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1991, pp. 248–49. [Google Scholar]
  • 1On the distinct usages of European or Western, see [5], ch. 2, esp. pp. 63–102, and fn. 1, p. 227.
  • 2This is but one of the memorable and beloved phrases wherewith the learned Professor Headley sprinkles his conversations.
  • 3Paraphrased for this celebration and addressed to Prof. Headley; paraphrased words are indicated by brackets. The original words were, in order, “Europe” and “poet”.

Select Bibliography of Works by John M. Headley

All books authored or edited by John M. Headley are found here. The articles are those supplied to the present author by Prof. Headley; others may exist. Only major book reviews relating to the subject of this essay are included. Since Headley is the author of all these works, the use of his name below is superfluous. For clarity, works are separated by category. An asterisk marks works mentioned in this essay.

Books

1.
Luther’s View of Church History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963.
2.
Responsio ad Lutherum, in The Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More, vol. 5. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969.
*3.
The Emperor and His Chancellor: A Study of the Imperial Chancellery under Gattinara. Cambridge, 1983.
4.
Tommaso Campanella and the Transformation of the World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997. This book received the Marraro Prize of the American Catholic Historical Association and the Phyllis Gordan Prize of the Renaissance Society of America.
*5.
The Europeanization of the World: On the Origins of Human Rights and Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.
6.
The Problem with Multiculturalism: The Uniqueness and Universality of Western Civilization. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2012.

Books Edited

7.
Medieval and Renaissance Studies: Proceedings of the Southeastern Institute of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Summer 1967. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1968.
8.
Edited with John B. Tomaro, San Carlo Borromeo: Catholic Reform and Ecclesiastical Politics in the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, and London, UK: Associated University Presses, 1988 (See also #’s 19 and 20 below).
9.
Associate Editor. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996. 4 vols.
*10.
Empire, Church, and World: The Quest for Universal Order, 1520-1640. Aldershot UK: Variorum/Ashgate, 1997.
11.
Confessionalization in Europe, 1550-1700: Essays in Honor and Memory of Bodo Nischan. Aldershot UK and Burlington VT: Ashgate, 2004.

Articles Included in #10 above

This Variorum edition contained Headley’s selection of what he considered his principal essays up to 1997. Given their importance in the author’s own judgment, they are listed separately here as well as sequentially in the following lists of his essays. Here I give the Roman numeral used for their order in the volume, the title, and the year of their original publication, and their subsequent number in the list of his essays that follows this. The Variorum edition preserves the original pagination of all articles.
12.
I. “Thomas More and Luther’s Revolt.” 1969 (#28 below).
13.
II. “Luther and the Problem of Secularization.” 1987 (#39 below).
14.
III. “The Reformation as Crisis in the Understanding of Tradition.” 1987 (#37 below).
15.
IV. “‘Ehe Türckisch als Bäpstisch’: Lutheran Reflections on the Problem of Empire 1623-1638.” 1987 (#38 below).
16.
V. “The Habsburg World Empire and the Revival of Ghibellinism.” 1975 (#58 below).
17.
VI. “Germany, the Empire and Monarchia in the Thought & Policy of Gattinara.” 1982/3 (#59 below).
18.
VII. “Gattinara, Erasmus, and the Imperial Configurations of Humanism.” 1980 (#34 below).
19.
VIII. “The Catholic/Counter Reformation Reconsidered.”1988 (Introduction from #8 above).
20.
IX. “Borromean Reform in the Empire? La Strada Rigorosa of Giovanni Francesco Bonomi.” 1988 (See #8 above, pp. 15–33).
21.
X. “On Reconstructing the Citizenry: Campanella’s Criticism of Aristotle’s Politics.” 1991 (#43 below).
22.
XI. “Campanella, America, and World Evangelization.” 1995 (#61 below).
23.
XII. “Spain’s Asian Presence, 1565-1590: Structures and Aspirations.” 1995 (#46 below).
24.
XIII. “The Sixteenth-Century Venetian Celebration of the Earth’s Total Habitability: The Issue of the Fully Habitable World for Renaissance Europe.” 1997 (#49 below).
*25.
XXIV. “The Burden of European Imperialisms, 1500-1800.” 1996 (#68 below).

Major Refereed Articles

26.
“Thomas Murner, Thomas More, and the First Expression of More’s Ecclesiology.” Studies in the Renaissance 15 (1967): 73–92.
27.
“More Against Luther: On Laws and the Magistrate.” Moreana 15 (1967): 211–25.
28.
“Thomas More and Luther’s Revolt.”Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 60 (1969): 145–60 (#12 above).
29.
“The Saint Thomas More Symposium: A Commentator’s Report.” Moreana 27/28 (1970): 146–8.
30.
“Luther and the Fifth Lateran Council.” Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 64 (1973): 55–78.
31.
“Thomas More and the Papacy.” Moreana 41 (1974): 5–10.
32.
“The New Debate on More’s Political Career.” Thought 52 (1977): 269–74.
33.
“The Conflict between Nobles and Magistrates in Franche-Comté, 1508-1518.” Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 9 (1979): 49–80.
34.
“Gattinara, Erasmus, and the Imperial Configurations of Humanism.” Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 71 (1980): 64–98 (#18 above).
35.
“Verso il recupero storico del gran cancelliere di Carlo V: Problemi, progressi, prospettive.” Mercurino Arborio di Gattinara, Gran Cancelliere di Carlo V: 450o Anniversario della morte 1530-1980: Atti del Convegno di Studi Storici Vercelli, Italy: Società Storica Vercellese and Associazione Culturale di Gattinara, 1982, 69–104.
36.
“Roland H. Bainton and the Reformation: An Appreciation.” Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook 11 (1982): 1–12.
37.
“The Reformation as Crisis in the Understanding of Tradition.” Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 78 (1987): 5–23 (#14 above).
38.
“Ehe Türckisch als Bäpstisch: Lutheran Reflections on the Problem of Empire 1623-1628.” Central European History 20 (1987): 3–28 (#15 above).
39.
“Luther and the Problem of Secularization.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 55 (1987): 21–37 (See #13 above).
40.
“L’imperatore e il suo cancelliere: Discussioni sull’impero, l’amministrazione e il papa.” Rassegna degli Archivi di Stato 46 (1986): 534–51.
41.
“On the Rearming of Heaven: The Machiavellism of Tommaso Campanella.” Journal of the History of Ideas 49 (1988): 387–404.
42.
Tommaso Campanella and Jean de Launoy: The Controversy over Aristotle and His Reception in the West.” Renaissance Quarterly 43 (1990): 529–50.
43.
“On the Reconstruction of the Citizenry: Campanella’s Criticism of Aristotle’s Politics.” Il Pensiero Politico 24 (1991): 28–41 (#21 above).
44.
“Tommaso Capanella’s Military Sermon before Richelieu at Conflans, 8 June 1636.” In Die Reformation in Deutschland und Europa: Interpretationen und Debatten/The Reformation in Germany and Europe: Interpretations and Issues, edited by Gottfried G. Krodel, Hans Füglister, and American Society for Reformation Research. Göttingen, Germany: Gütersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1993, 553–74.
45.
“J. H. Elliott’s Impact: On Exploring and Exploiting an Historiographical Issue.” Quaderni, nuova serie 6–7 (1994/5): 225–38.
46.
“Spain’s Asian Presence, 1565-1590: Structures and Aspirations.” Hispanic American Historical Review 75 (1995): 623–46 (#23 above).
47.
“Gattinara, Mercurino Arborio di.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation, edited by Hans J. Hillerbrand. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996, volume 2, 159–60.
48.
“The Case of the Cropped Pericope: Campanella on Freedom of Thought.” Bruniana e Campanelliana 2 (1996): 165–77.
49.
“The Sixteenth-Century Venetian Celebration of the Earth’s Total Habitability: The Issue of the Fully Inhabited World for Renaissance Europe.” Journal of World History 8 (1997): 1–27 (#24 above).
50.
“The Demise of Universal Monarchy as a Meaningful Political Ideal.” In Imperium Empire Reich: Ein konzept der politischer Herrschaft im deutsch-britischen Vergleich, edited by Franz Bosbach and Hermann Hiery. Prinz-Albert-Studien, Munich, Germany: K. G. Saur, 16 (1999): 41–58.
51.
“John Guy’s Thomas More: On the Dimensions of Political Biography.” Moreana 37 (2000): 81–96.
52.
“Geography and Empire in the late Renaissance: Botero’s Assignment, Western Universalism, and the Civilizing Process.” Renaissance Quarterly 53 (2000): 1119–55. This article received the William Nelson Prize for best article published in RQ for the preceding year.
53.
“The Universalizing Principle and Process: On the West’s Intrinsic Commitment to a Global Context.” Journal of World History 13 (2002): 291–321.
54.
“The Problem of Counsel Revisited: More, Castiglione, and the Resignation of Office in the Sixteenth Century.” Moreana 40 (2003): 99–119.
*55.
“Secularization and the Universalizing Process.” The Hedgehog Review 11 (2009): 78–93

Chapters in Books

56.
“Martin Luther—The Measure of the Man.” In Interpreting European History, edited by Brison D. Gooch. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1967, volume 1, 70–105.
57.
“The Continental Reformation.” In The Meaning of the Renaissance and Reformation, edited by Richard L. DeMolen. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1974, 131–211.
58.
“The Habsburg World Empire and the Revival of Ghibellinism.” In Medieval and Renaissance Studies 7 (1978), edited by Siegfried Wenzel, 93–127 (#16 above).
59.
“Germany, the Empire, and Monarchia in the Thought and Policy of Gattinara.” In Das römisch-deutsche Reich im politischen System Karl V, edited by Heinrich Lutz and Elisabeth Müller-Luckner. Munich, Germany: R. Oldenbourg, 1983, 15–47.
60.
“Rhetoric and Reality: Messianic, Humanist, and Civilian Themes in the Imperial Ethos of Gattinara.” In Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period, edited by Marjorie Reeves. Oxford UK: Clarendon Press and New York NY: Oxford University Press, 1992, 241–69 (#17 above).
61.
“Campanella, America, and World Evangelization.” In America in European Consciousness 1493-1750, edited by Karen Kupperman. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995, 243–71 (#22 above).
62.
“The Reception of Campanella’s Monarchia di Spagna in Spain and the Empire.” In Tommaso Campanella e l’attesa del secolo aureo. Il Giornata Luigi Firpo. Florence: L. S. Olschki, 1998, 89–105.
63.
“The Extended Hand of Europe: Expansionist and Imperialist Motifs in the Political Geography of Giovanni Botero.” Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung, volume 34, Expansionen in der Frühen Neuzeit, edited by Renate Dürr, Gisela Engel, and Johannes Süssmann. Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humblot, 153–71.
64.
“Thomas More’s Horrific Vision: The Advent of Constituted Dissent.” In Confessionalization in Europe, 1550-1700: Essays in Honor and Memory of Bodo Nischan, edited by John M. Headley. Aldershot UK and Burlington VT: Ashgate, 2004, 347–58 (#11 above).

Selected Book Reviews Related to Themes of This Essay

65.
Review essay of A. G. Dickens and John M. Tonkin, The Reformation in Historical Thought. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1985. Journal of the History of Ideas 48 (1987): 521–32.
66.
Review of J. H. Elliott, The Count-Duke of Olivares: The Statesman in an Age of Decline .New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986. The Sixteenth Century Journal 18 (1987): 589–90.
67.
Review of R. A. Stradling, Spain’s Struggle for Europe, 1598-1668. London, UK and Rio Grande, OH: Hambledon Press, 1994. The Sixteenth Century Journal 27 (1996): 221–22.
*68.
“The Burden of European Imperialisms, 1500-1800.” Review essay of Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain, and France, c. 1500-1800. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1995. The International History Review 18 (1996): 873–87 (#25 above).
69.
Review of James Muldoon, Empire and Order: The Concept of Empire, 800-1800. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1999. The International History Review 22 (2000): 379–80.

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Weiss, J.M. Unifying Themes in the Oeuvre of John M. Headley. Religions 2012, 3, 1094-1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel3041094

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Weiss JM. Unifying Themes in the Oeuvre of John M. Headley. Religions. 2012; 3(4):1094-1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel3041094

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Weiss, James M. 2012. "Unifying Themes in the Oeuvre of John M. Headley" Religions 3, no. 4: 1094-1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel3041094

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