Antimacrofouling Efficacy of Innovative Inorganic Nanomaterials Loaded with Booster Biocides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical Compounds
2.2. Antimacrofouling Assays on Mussels
2.3. Antimacrofouling Assays on Bryozoan Larvae
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Unloaded Nanocarriers LDH and SiNC
3.2. ZnPT and CuPT Loaded Nanomaterials
3.3. Model Systems in Geographic Perspective
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound Abbreviation | Chemical Specification of Compounds |
---|---|
ZnPT | Zinc pyrithione (Zinc Omadine™) |
CuPT | Copper pyrithione (Copper Omadine™) |
LDHs | Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (without biocide) |
SiNCs | Hollow silica nanocapules (without biocide) |
SiNC-ZnPT | Zinc pyrithione encapsulated into silica nano-capsules |
SiNC-CuPT | Copper pyrithione encapsulated into silica nano-capsules |
LDH-ZnPT | Zinc pyrithione immobilized in layered double hydroxide |
LDH-CuPT | Copper pyrithione immobilized in layered double hydroxide |
ATL | Exposure (72 h) | Recover (72 h + 72 h) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Efficacy (Inhibition of Settlement) | Mortality | Mortality | ||||
EC50 | 95% CI-EC50 | LC50 | 95% CI-LC50 | LC50 | 95% CI-LC50 | |
LDH | 35.7 | 17.54–72.70 | >100 | >100 | ||
SiNC | >100 | >100 | >100 | |||
SiNC-ZnPT | 5.5 | 3.47–8.86 | 14.1 | 9.25–21.64 | 6.66 | 4.48–9.91 |
SiNC-CuPT | 4.3 | 2.88–6.36 | 10.0 | 6.43–15.59 | 2.34 | 1.57–3.47 |
LDH-ZnPT | 1.6 | 1.07–2.57 | 6.6 | 4.48–9.91 | 2.09 | 1.27–3.46 |
LDH-CuPT | 5.0 | 3.81–6.67 | 9.6 | 6.00–15.51 | 7.04 | 4.30–11.51 |
ZnPT | 2.4 | 1.85–3.03 | 3.2 | 2.57–4.13 | 2.23 | 1.77–2.82 |
CuPT | 3.2 | 1.60–6.56 | 3.8 | 3.18–4.67 | 3.07 | 1.90–4.94 |
MED | Exposure (72 h) | Recover (72 h + 72 h) | ||||
Efficacy (Inhibition of Settlement) | Mortality | Mortality | ||||
EC50 | 95% CI-EC50 | LC50 | 95% CI-LC50 | LC50 | 95% CI-LC50 | |
LDH | 15.6 | 4.9–49.6 | >100 | >100 | ||
SiNC | 11.8 | 6.6–21.0 | 13.2 | 11.6–15.0 | 2.2 | 1.1–4.3 |
SiNC-ZnPT | 3.4 | 1.7–6.7 | 5.6 | 3.3–9.7 | 3.5 | 1.5–8.1 |
SiNC-CuPT | 4.9 | 1.3–19.0 | 6.3 | 2.4–16.9 | 2.9 | 1.4–6.2 |
LDH-ZnPT | 1.5 | 0.6–3.6 | 3.6 | 2.0–6.2 | 3.6 | 2.1–6.1 |
LDH-CuPT | 6.3 | 1.7–23.3 | 14.1 | 8.4–23.8 | 11.2 | 5.4–23.3 |
ZnPT | ||||||
CuPT | ||||||
RED | Exposure (72 h) | Recover (72 h + 72 h) | ||||
Efficacy (Inhibition of Settlement) | Mortality | Mortality | ||||
EC50 | 95% CI-EC50 | LC50 | 95% CI-LC50 | LC50 | 95% CI-LC50 | |
LDH | >100 | >100 | >>100 | |||
SiNC | 20.9 | 12.7–34.5 | 33.5 | 19.6–57.2 | 15.7 | 6.2–40.0 |
SiNC-ZnPT | 9.3 | 4.2–20.8 | 23.1 | 9.5–55.9 | 16.6 | 6.5–42.4 |
SiNC-CuPT | 17.3 | 8.1–36.7 | 26.9 | 13.1–55.1 | 16.1 | 6.3–41.3 |
LDH-ZnPT | 1.3 | 0.7–2.5 | 4.3 | 1.8–10.4 | 3.8 | 2.1–6.8 |
LDH-CuPT | 9.6 | 3.9–23.6 | 37.4 | 3.4–407.6 | 6.4 | 3.6–11.4 |
ZnPT | 4.2 | 1.4–12.2 | 15.5 | 6.0–39.9 | 9.2 | 4.5–18.4 |
CuPT | >100 | >100 | 36.1 | 25.9–50.1 |
Efficacy of B. neritina (Inhibition of Settlement) | ||||
Compound | MED | RED | ||
EC50 (mg/L) | 95% CI-EC50 | EC50 (mg/L) | 95% CI-LC50 | |
LDH | 9.4 | 6.0–14.5 | 4.3 | 4.2–4.4 |
SiNC | 0.001 | 0.0006–0.002 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.3 |
SiNC-ZnPT | 0.001 | 0.0004–0.003 | 0.1 | 0.14–0.15 |
SiNC-CuPT | 0.003 | 0.0008–0.01 | 2.9 | 1.9–4.2 |
LDH-ZnPT | 0.005 | 0.003–0.007 | 0.046 | 0.03–0.06 |
LDH-CuPT | 0.0002 | 0.0001–0.0004 | 0.1 | 0.1–0.2 |
ZnPT | 0.02 | 0.01–0.05 | 0.05 | 0.02–0.1 |
CuPT | 0.05 | 0.04–0.06 | 0.19 | 0.07–0.4 |
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Gutner-Hoch, E.; Martins, R.; Oliveira, T.; Maia, F.; Soares, A.M.V.M.; Loureiro, S.; Piller, C.; Preiss, I.; Weis, M.; Larroze, S.B.; et al. Antimacrofouling Efficacy of Innovative Inorganic Nanomaterials Loaded with Booster Biocides. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2018, 6, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6010006
Gutner-Hoch E, Martins R, Oliveira T, Maia F, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S, Piller C, Preiss I, Weis M, Larroze SB, et al. Antimacrofouling Efficacy of Innovative Inorganic Nanomaterials Loaded with Booster Biocides. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2018; 6(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleGutner-Hoch, Eldad, Roberto Martins, Tania Oliveira, Frederico Maia, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, Susana Loureiro, Chen Piller, Iris Preiss, Michal Weis, Severine B. Larroze, and et al. 2018. "Antimacrofouling Efficacy of Innovative Inorganic Nanomaterials Loaded with Booster Biocides" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 1: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6010006