Relationship between Mineral Soil Surface Area and the Biological Degradation of Biosolids Added to Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Application of DRM to Determine Degradation Rate
- = the carbon concentration present in the biosolids (Mg/Ha)
- = the first-order rate (year−1)
- = biosolids decomposition time (year).
- = initial concentration of C in biosolids (Mg/Ha)
- = the concentration at time t (Mg/Ha).
- = the fraction left after 1 year. decay, or , with .
2.2. Soil Particulate Size Distribution
2.2.1. Particle Mass Size Distribution Analysis
2.2.2. Particulate Surface Area Analysis
- N = the number of soil particles
- r = soil particle radius (cm)
- M = the mass of the soil particle (g)
- ρ = soil density [17] (g/cm3)
- N = the number of soil particles
- r = soil particle radius (m)
- S = particle surface area (m2).
2.3. Reference Soils from Terry
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biosolids Degradation Rate
3.1.1. DRM Estimated Rate of Biosolids Degradation
Soil Type | Fields No. | Group No. | Biosolids Degradation Rate (year−1) | Annual Application Rate (Mg/ha) | Soil Density [17] (g/cm3) | Surface Area (m2/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coarse | F32 | I | 0.02 | 8.93 | 2.6 | 1.29 |
F39 | I | 0.05 | 11.95 | 2.6 | 1.73 | |
F10 | III | 0.06 | 12.85 | 2.6 | 2.29 | |
F15 | I | 0.11 | 15.44 | 2.6 | 2.42 | |
Fine | F37 | III | 0.14 | 11.75 | 2.6 | 6.55 |
F47 | II | 0.15 | 18.02 | 2.6 | 8.54 | |
F45 | II | 0.15 | 12.95 | 2.6 | 7.63 | |
F43 | II | 0.20 | 15.63 | 2.6 | 7.65 | |
Other soil samples | Fincastle | N/A | 0.13 | 5.15 | 2.6 | 4.81 |
Chalmers | N/A | 0.10 | 5.15 | 2.6 | 4.66 | |
[6] | Tracy | N/A | 0.07 | 5.15 | 2.6 | 2.13 |
* | dC/dt = −kC |
3.1.2. Rate of Degradation Related to Coarse and Fine Soil Type
3.1.3. Degradation Rate of Synthetic Biosolids
3.2. Particulate Mass and Surface Area Distribution Analysis
Field | Clay | Silt | Sand | Soil Texture | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mass (%) | Surface Area (%) | Mass (%) | Surface Area (%) | Aass (%) | Surface Area (%) | ||
F32 | 10.00 | 23.00 | 21.10 | 70.00 | 68.90 | 7.00 | Sandy loam |
F39 | 10.00 | 50.50 | 23.01 | 46.30 | 67.00 | 3.21 | Sandy loam |
F10 | 14.80 | 39.10 | 23.20 | 56.10 | 62.00 | 4.79 | Sandy loam |
F15 | 10.00 | 54.20 | 24.10 | 43.30 | 65.90 | 3.42 | Sandy loam |
F37 | 28.70 | 66.10 | 40.10 | 33.10 | 31.20 | 0.72 | Clay loam |
F47 | 31.02 | 69.30 | 49.10 | 31.40 | 19.90 | 0.31 | Clay loam |
F45 | 30.20 | 65.50 | 47.90 | 34.10 | 21.90 | 0.36 | Clay loam |
F43 | 30.10 | 66.50 | 45.05 | 33.20 | 25.00 | 0.35 | Clay loam |
Fincastle | 16.80 | 55.80 | 69.70 | 43.60 | 13.50 | 0.30 | Silt loam |
Chalmers | 24.80 | 61.40 | 60.90 | 37.90 | 14.30 | 0.36 | Silt loam |
Tracy | 8.90 | 53.80 | 37.20 | 43.00 | 53.90 | 3.10 | Sandy Loam |
3.3. Relationship between Mineral Soil Surface Area and Biosolids Degradation
Paired Samples | Average Biosolids Application Rate (Mg ha−1⋅year−1) | Difference of k (∆k) (year−1) | Difference of Surface Area (∆SF) (m2/g) | ∆k/∆SF (g year−1⋅m−2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
F39 vs. F37 | 11.85 | 0.09 | 4.82 | 0.019 |
F10 vs. F45 | 12.90 | 0.09 | 5.34 | 0.017 |
F15 vs. F43 | 15.54 | 0.09 | 5.23 | 0.017 |
Average | N/A | 0.09 | 5.13 | 0.018 |
- y = the degradation rate (year−1)
- x = the total mineral soil surface area (m2/g)
3.4. C Sequestration
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wen, D.; Zhai, W.; Moschandreas, D.; Tian, G.; Noll, K.E. Relationship between Mineral Soil Surface Area and the Biological Degradation of Biosolids Added to Soil. Agriculture 2016, 6, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture6010001
Wen D, Zhai W, Moschandreas D, Tian G, Noll KE. Relationship between Mineral Soil Surface Area and the Biological Degradation of Biosolids Added to Soil. Agriculture. 2016; 6(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture6010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleWen, Dongqi, Wenjuan Zhai, Demetrios Moschandreas, Guanglong Tian, and Kenneth E. Noll. 2016. "Relationship between Mineral Soil Surface Area and the Biological Degradation of Biosolids Added to Soil" Agriculture 6, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture6010001