Testing the Effects of DL-Alpha-Tocopherol Supplementation on Oxidative Damage, Total Antioxidant Protection and the Sex-Specific Responses of Reproductive Effort and Lifespan to Dietary Manipulation in Australian Field Crickets (Teleogryllus commodus)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Animals and Experimental Design
2.2. Construction of Artificial Diets
2.3. Feeding Protocol
2.4. Experiment 1: The Effect of Diet and dl-Alpha-Tocopherol Supplementation on Lifespan and Reproductive Effort
2.5. Experiment 2: The Effect of Diet and dl-Alpha-Tocopherol Supplementation on Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Protection
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. The Effect of Diet and dl-Alpha-Tocopherol Supplementation on Lifespan and Reproductive Effort
Non-Supplemented | Supplemented | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient * ± SE | Prop | p Value | Coefficient ± SE | Prop | p Value | |
(A): Females | ||||||
LS | ||||||
P | −0.159 ± 0.171 | 0.181 | 0.362 | −0.095 ± 0.183 | 0.695 | 0.610 |
C | 0.486 ± 0.159 | 0.998 | 0.004 | 0.271 ± 0.126 | 0.019 | 0.038 |
P × P | −0.258 ± 0.198 | 0.102 | 0.203 | −0.350 ± 0.201 | 0.953 | 0.094 |
C × C | −0.374 ± 0.176 | 0.021 | 0.042 | −0.307 ± 0.144 | 0.018 | 0.039 |
P × C | −0.283 ± 0.266 | 0.853 | 0.295 | −0.661 ± 0.276 | 0.012 | 0.023 |
DRE | ||||||
P | 0.192 ± 0.165 | 0.125 | 0.250 | 0.139 ± 0.196 | 0.758 | 0.484 |
C | 0.280 ± 0.133 | 0.022 | 0.042 | 0.678 ± 0.168 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
P × P | −0.187 ± 0.083 | 0.016 | 0.031 | −0.416 ± 0.193 | 0.018 | 0.037 |
C × C | −0.145 ± 0.126 | 0.129 | 0.259 | −0.204 ± 0.194 | 0.851 | 0.298 |
P × C | 0.179 ± 0.262 | 0.751 | 0.498 | −0.260 ± 0.291 | 0.810 | 0.379 |
(B): Males | ||||||
LS | ||||||
P | 0.521 ± 0.202 | 0.994 | 0.013 | 0.511 ± 0.193 | 0.995 | 0.010 |
C | 0.961 ± 0.302 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.767 ± 0.227 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
P × P | −0.422 ± 0.290 | 0.912 | 0.176 | −0.137 ± 0.277 | 0.689 | 0.622 |
C × C | −0.635 ± 0.480 | 0.905 | 0.191 | −0.224 ± 0.322 | 0.245 | 0.490 |
P × C | −0.379 ± 0.468 | 0.785 | 0.430 | −0.292 ± 0.453 | 0.737 | 0.526 |
DRE | ||||||
P | −0.023 ± 0.257 | 0.536 | 0.928 | 0.170 ± 0.276 | 0.729 | 0.543 |
C | 0.086 ± 0.317 | 0.605 | 0.790 | 0.354 ± 0.149 | 0.021 | 0.043 |
P × P | −0.126 ± 0.308 | 0.659 | 0.683 | −0.201 ± 0.334 | 0.274 | 0.549 |
C × C | −0.935 ± 0.421 | 0.017 | 0.033 | −0.064 ± 0.388 | 0.565 | 0.870 |
P × C | −0.858 ± 0.676 | 0.106 | 0.212 | −0.060 ± 0.547 | 0.543 | 0.914 |
3.2. The Effect of Diet and dl-Alpha-Tocopherol Supplementation on Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Protection
Non-Supplemented | Supplemented | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient ± SE | Prop | p Value | Coefficient ± SE | Prop | p Value | |
(A): Females | ||||||
PC | ||||||
P | −0.347 ± 0.162 | 0.981 | 0.039 | −0.300 ± 0.143 | 0.022 | 0.043 |
C | 0.099 ± 0.157 | 0.266 | 0.532 | 0.026 ± 0.188 | 0.445 | 0.890 |
P × P | 0.272 ± 0.217 | 0.891 | 0.218 | 0.084 ± 0.227 | 0.643 | 0.714 |
C × C | 0.160 ± 0.147 | 0.858 | 0.284 | −0.092 ± 0.210 | 0.105 | 0.211 |
P × C | 0.307 ± 0.330 | 0.179 | 0.358 | −0.074 ± 0.426 | 0.568 | 0.864 |
TAC | ||||||
P | −0.249 ± 0.119 | 0.978 | 0.043 | −0.217 ± 0.091 | 0.011 | 0.022 |
C | −0.076 ± 0.170 | 0.329 | 0.657 | −0.042 ± 0.196 | 0.415 | 0.830 |
P × P | 0.347 ± 0.231 | 0.928 | 0.144 | 0.199 ± 0.234 | 0.799 | 0.401 |
C × C | 0.062 ± 0.156 | 0.347 | 0.694 | 0.138 ± 0.217 | 0.735 | 0.530 |
P × C | 0.228 ± 0.352 | 0.739 | 0.521 | 0.057 ± 0.439 | 0.449 | 0.898 |
(B): Males | ||||||
PC | ||||||
P | −0.355 ± 0.169 | 0.022 | 0.044 | 0.439 ± 0.212 | 0.023 | 0.046 |
C | 0.065 ± 0.299 | 0.586 | 0.827 | 0.584 ± 0.279 | 0.022 | 0.043 |
P × P | 0.969 ± 0.280 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.012 ± 0.379 | 0.512 | 0.976 |
C × C | 0.057 ± 0.364 | 0.562 | 0.876 | 0.258 ± 0.322 | 0.215 | 0.429 |
P × C | 0.600 ± 0.573 | 0.151 | 0.303 | 0.016 ± 0.709 | 0.509 | 0.981 |
TAC | ||||||
P | −0.406 ± 0.197 | 0.977 | 0.047 | 0.300 ± 0.265 | 0.868 | 0.265 |
C | −0.424 ± 0.304 | 0.087 | 0.173 | 0.032 ± 0.287 | 0.456 | 0.912 |
P × P | 0.478 ± 0.230 | 0.023 | 0.046 | 0.092 ± 0.355 | 0.399 | 0.797 |
C × C | 0.023 ± 0.428 | 0.521 | 0.958 | 0.392 ± 0.145 | 0.005 | 0.011 |
P × C | −0.161 ± 0.674 | 0.594 | 0.811 | −0.778 ± 0.664 | 0.875 | 0.250 |
3.3. Do Differences in Oxidative Damage or Protection Mediate Life-History Trade-Offs?
4. Discussion
Hypothesis | Prediction | Observation | Conclusion | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Trade-off between lifespan and reproduction. | Traits peak in different regions of nutrient landscape. | Females—prediction met. Males—prediction met in non-supplemented males but not in supplemented males. | Sex-specific trade-off, pronounced in females, weak in males. | |
Accumulation of oxidative damage causes aging. | Damage highest in short lived animals. | Generally, high damage, long lifespan. | Oxidative damage to proteins does not appear to mediate variation in lifespan within each sex, following dietary manipulation. | |
Antioxidant supplementation improves lifespan. | No effect of antioxidants on survival. | |||
Reproductive effort elevates oxidative stress. | High reproductive effort reduces antioxidant defences. | Mixed support: results depend on sex and supplementation status. | Association between oxidative damage and reproductive effort varies enormously across the sexes. | |
High reproductive effort increases oxidative damage. | ||||
Antioxidant supplementation improves reproductive effort. | Weak positive effect but not significant. |
4.1. The Effect of Nutrient Intake on Life-History Traits
4.2. Testing the Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging
4.3. Testing a Role for Oxidative Damage in Life-History Trade-Offs
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Archer, C.R.; Hempenstall, S.; Royle, N.J.; Selman, C.; Willis, S.; Rapkin, J.; Blount, J.D.; Hunt, J. Testing the Effects of DL-Alpha-Tocopherol Supplementation on Oxidative Damage, Total Antioxidant Protection and the Sex-Specific Responses of Reproductive Effort and Lifespan to Dietary Manipulation in Australian Field Crickets (Teleogryllus commodus). Antioxidants 2015, 4, 768-792. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox4040768
Archer CR, Hempenstall S, Royle NJ, Selman C, Willis S, Rapkin J, Blount JD, Hunt J. Testing the Effects of DL-Alpha-Tocopherol Supplementation on Oxidative Damage, Total Antioxidant Protection and the Sex-Specific Responses of Reproductive Effort and Lifespan to Dietary Manipulation in Australian Field Crickets (Teleogryllus commodus). Antioxidants. 2015; 4(4):768-792. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox4040768
Chicago/Turabian StyleArcher, C. Ruth, Sarah Hempenstall, Nick J. Royle, Colin Selman, Sheridan Willis, James Rapkin, Jon D. Blount, and John Hunt. 2015. "Testing the Effects of DL-Alpha-Tocopherol Supplementation on Oxidative Damage, Total Antioxidant Protection and the Sex-Specific Responses of Reproductive Effort and Lifespan to Dietary Manipulation in Australian Field Crickets (Teleogryllus commodus)" Antioxidants 4, no. 4: 768-792. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox4040768