Multiple Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries Are Associated with Increased Rates of Health Symptoms and Gulf War Illness in a Cohort of 1990–1991 Gulf War Veterans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Self-Report of TBI
“Some people have the misconception that mild traumatic brain injury (also known as ‘concussion’) only happens when you lose consciousness after being hit on the head or when the symptoms last for a long time. However, a mild traumatic brain injury occurs anytime you have an impact to the head that causes symptoms for any amount of time (e.g., seconds or longer). These symptoms include: sensitivity to light or noise, headache, dizziness, balance problems, nausea, vomiting, trouble sleeping, fatigue, confusion, difficulty remembering, difficulty concentrating, or loss of consciousness.”
2.3. Health Symptom Checklist
2.4. Chronic Multisymptom Illness Criteria
2.5. Kansas Gulf War Illness Criteria
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Correlation between Total Self-Reported Head Injuries and Health Symptoms
3.3. Health Symptom Checklist
3.4. Chronic Multisymptom Illness
3.5. Kansas Gulf War Illness
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No mTBI (N = 72) | One mTBI (N = 26) | Two mTBI (N = 25) | Three mTBI (N = 106) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 57.3 ± 9.0 | 57.2 ± 9.5 | 56.5 ± 7.7 | 54.4 ± 7.5 |
Education, years | 14.5 ± 2.8 | 14.8 ± 2.7 | 13.8 ± 3.8 | 14.0 ± 2.7 |
% Caucasian | 66 (91.7%) | 26 (100.0%) | 24 (96.0%) | 95 (89.6%) |
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Yee, M.K.; Janulewicz, P.A.; Seichepine, D.R.; Sullivan, K.A.; Proctor, S.P.; Krengel, M.H. Multiple Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries Are Associated with Increased Rates of Health Symptoms and Gulf War Illness in a Cohort of 1990–1991 Gulf War Veterans. Brain Sci. 2017, 7, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7070079
Yee MK, Janulewicz PA, Seichepine DR, Sullivan KA, Proctor SP, Krengel MH. Multiple Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries Are Associated with Increased Rates of Health Symptoms and Gulf War Illness in a Cohort of 1990–1991 Gulf War Veterans. Brain Sciences. 2017; 7(7):79. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7070079
Chicago/Turabian StyleYee, Megan K., Patricia A. Janulewicz, Daniel R. Seichepine, Kimberly A. Sullivan, Susan P. Proctor, and Maxine H. Krengel. 2017. "Multiple Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries Are Associated with Increased Rates of Health Symptoms and Gulf War Illness in a Cohort of 1990–1991 Gulf War Veterans" Brain Sciences 7, no. 7: 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7070079