Feature of Echo Envelope Fluctuation and Its Application in the Discrimination of Underwater Real Echo and Synthetic Echo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- This paper focuses on the characterization and extraction of echo fluctuation features from an underwater complex target. Based on practical engineering applications, it presents a method for discrimination of a real echo from a synthetic echo underwater.
- The high-frequency fluctuation of an echo envelope was characterized by the echo envelope fluctuation intensity, and a model of echo envelope fluctuation intensity was established.
- Results from simulation and real sea experiments of a benchmark model and synthetic echo are provided in detail.
- The feasibility of the proposed method for discriminating between a real target echo and a synthetic echo was verified by real sea experiment. The method proposed in this paper has low processing complexity and provides a new and valuable insight into the classification of underwater real and synthetic echoes.
2. Characterization of Echo Envelope Fluctuation Features
2.1. Relation of Echo Envelope Fluctuation with Carrier Frequency of Incident Pulse
2.2. Characterization of Underwater Target Echo Envelope Fluctuation Intensity
3. Extraction of Echo Envelope Fluctuation Features
3.1. Simulation Study
3.1.1. Simulation Study of Benchmark
3.1.2. Simulation Study of Synthetic Echo
3.2. Experiment Study of Benchmark Model and Rock
3.2.1. Experiment Configuration
3.2.2. Experimental Results
- Filter the data by a bandpass filter to minimize the interference;
- Calculate the envelope of the echo signal;
- Normalize the echo envelope for magnitude consistency;
- Differentiate the echo envelope;
- Calculate the fluctuation intensity and the standard deviation;
- Process the echo in whole azimuths.
A. Fluctuation Intensity
B. Standard Deviation of Fluctuation Intensity
C. Envelope Fluctuation Features of Rock
4. Method of Real Echo and Synthetic Echo Discrimination
5. Experimental Results
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Signal Form | Frequency | Pulse Length | Target |
---|---|---|---|
CW | 30 kHz, 60 kHz | 1 ms, 3 ms, 10 ms | Benchmark model |
LFM | 20–40 kHz, 40–80 kHz | 1 ms, 3 ms, 10 ms | Benchmark model |
43–47 kHz | 1 ms | Rock | |
71–74 kHz | 1 ms | Rock |
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Chen, Y.; Li, S.; Jia, B.; Li, G.; Wang, Z. Feature of Echo Envelope Fluctuation and Its Application in the Discrimination of Underwater Real Echo and Synthetic Echo. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081329
Chen Y, Li S, Jia B, Li G, Wang Z. Feature of Echo Envelope Fluctuation and Its Application in the Discrimination of Underwater Real Echo and Synthetic Echo. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(8):1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081329
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yunfei, Sheng Li, Bing Jia, Guijuan Li, and Zhenshan Wang. 2018. "Feature of Echo Envelope Fluctuation and Its Application in the Discrimination of Underwater Real Echo and Synthetic Echo" Applied Sciences 8, no. 8: 1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081329