Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Associated with Subclinical Vascular Damage Indicators in Asymptomatic Hypertensive Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | HT n = 120 | Non-HT n = 37 | t (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean (SD) | 55.7 (9.7) | 57.7 (9.8) | −1.0 (0.27) | |
Patients > 55 years old, n (%) | 69 (57.5) | 23 (47.4) | χ2 = 0.32 (0.57) | |
Sex, female, n (%) | 68 (56.7) | 19 (51.4) | χ2 = 0.32 (0.57) | |
SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 145.3 (20.9) | 123 (11.6) | 6.1 (0.00) | |
DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 90.5 (12.7) | 79 (6.9) | 5.2 (0.00) | |
HT years, mean (SD) | 14.8 (10.5) | - | - | |
HT with BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg, n (%) | 78 (65) | - | - | |
BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 28.2 (4.8) | 25.1 (2.1) | 1.5 (0.14) | |
Creatinine, μmol/L, mean (SD) | 83.5 (15.5) | 83.3 (13.6) | 0.1 (0.92) | |
Glycemia, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 5.8 (1.5) | 5.3 (1.2) | 2.0 (0.04) | |
Cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 5.5 (1.1) | 4.9 (1.1) | 2.4 (0.02) | |
Triglycerides, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.14) | |
Microalbuminuria, mg/L, mean (SD) | 13.8 (11.9) | 8.4 (9.9) | 1.6 (0.11) | |
IMT, mean (SD) | 1.0 (0.19) | 0.8 (0.2) | 3.8 (0.00) | |
Retinopathy, n (%) | Grade 0–I | 81 (67.5) | 37 (100) | - |
Grade II–III | 39 (32.5) | N/A | ||
Diabetes Mellitus, n (%) | 30 (25) | 7 (18.9) | χ2 = 0.58 (0.45) | |
Smoking, n (%) | 45 (37.5) | 9 (24.3) | χ2 = 2.17 0.14) | |
Obesity, n (%) | 28 (23.3) | 1 (2.7) | χ2 = 2.92 (0.08) | |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 73 (60.8) | 10 (27) | χ2 =12.6 (0.00) | |
FPB of CVD, n (%) | 34 (28.3) | 9 (24.3) | χ2 =0.22 (0.63) | |
>3 RF, n (%) | 65 (54.2) | 4 (10.8) | χ2 =21.6 (0.00) |
Variables, n (%) | HT n= 120 | Non-HT n= 37 | χ2 (p) |
---|---|---|---|
Lacunar infarcts | 14 (11.8) | 0 | - |
Microbleeds | 5 (4.2) | 0 | - |
EVRPS | 93 (78.1) | 17(56.7) | 5.7 (0.02) |
Modified Fazekas | |||
0–I | 69 (57.5) | 36 (97.3) | 20.2 (0.00) |
II–III | 51(42.5) | 1 (2.7) | |
CSVD severity score | |||
0–1 | 66 (55) | 36 (97.3) | 22.6 (0.00) |
2–4 | 54 (45) | 1 (2.7) |
Variables | CSVD Low Severity (0–1) n = 65 | CSVD High Severity (2–4) n = 55 | t/χ2 (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Years of HT, mean (SD) | 12.5 (8.3) | 17.4 (12.1) | 2.6 (0.01) | |
SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 134.7 (19.4) | 150 (19.9) | 4.5 (0.00) | |
DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 85.7 (11.6) | 92.1 (13.5) | 3.1 (0.00) | |
BP values, n (%) | <140/90 mmHg | 28 (43.1) | 14 (25.4) | 4.1 (0.04) |
≥140/90 mmHg | 37 (56.9) | 41 (74.6) | ||
Risk Factors, n (%) | ≤3 | 34 (52.3) | 21 (38.2) | χ2 = 2.7 (0.10) |
>3 | 31 (47.7) | 34 (61.8) | ||
Carotid morphological changes | ||||
IMT, mean (SD) | 0.87 (0.18) | 1.04 (0.19) | 5.3 (0.00) | |
IMC thickening and/or plaque, n (%) | Yes | 27 (41.5) | 45 (81.8) | χ2 = 20.8 (0.00) |
No | 38 (58.5) | 10 (18.2) | ||
Microalbuminuria > 20 mg/L, n (%) | 9 (19.1) | 15 (44.1) | χ2 = 5.9 (0.01) | |
Retinopathy, n (%) | Grade 0–I | 50 (76.9) | 31 (56.4) | χ2 = 6 (0.02) |
Grade II–III | 15 (23.1) | 24(43.6) | ||
Subclinical vascular damage indicators, n (%) | Minor | 48 (73.9) | 19 (34.5) | χ2 = 13.7 (0.00) |
Major | 17 (26.1) | 36 (65.5) |
Score of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (Multiple r = 0.49; F = 3.57; p = 0.00) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variables | F | p | Beta (95% CI) |
Intercept | 5.44 | 0.02 | - |
Age groups ≤ 55/>55 years | 1.79 | 0.18 | −0.16(−0.39 0.08) |
SBP | 3.99 | 0.04 | 0.20 (0.01 0.40) |
RF ≤ 3/>3 | 0.00 | 0.97 | 0.02 (−0.19 0.23) |
Subclinical vascular damage indicators | 6.3 | 0.01 | −0.29 (−0.52 −0.06) |
Age groups ≤ 55/>55 years–subclinical vascular damage indicators | 5.66 | 0.02 | −0.25 (−0.47 −0.04) |
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Hernández-Díaz, Z.M.; Peña-Sánchez, M.; González-Quevedo, A.; González-García, S.; Arias-Cadena, P.A.; Brown-Martínez, M.; Betancourt-Loza, M.; Cordero-Eiriz, A. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Associated with Subclinical Vascular Damage Indicators in Asymptomatic Hypertensive Patients. Behav. Sci. 2019, 9, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9090091
Hernández-Díaz ZM, Peña-Sánchez M, González-Quevedo A, González-García S, Arias-Cadena PA, Brown-Martínez M, Betancourt-Loza M, Cordero-Eiriz A. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Associated with Subclinical Vascular Damage Indicators in Asymptomatic Hypertensive Patients. Behavioral Sciences. 2019; 9(9):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9090091
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Díaz, Zenaida Milagros, Marisol Peña-Sánchez, Alina González-Quevedo, Sergio González-García, Paula Andrea Arias-Cadena, Marta Brown-Martínez, Mélany Betancourt-Loza, and Anay Cordero-Eiriz. 2019. "Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Associated with Subclinical Vascular Damage Indicators in Asymptomatic Hypertensive Patients" Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 9: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9090091